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(PA school) Human Physiology > More lecture 9 qs > Flashcards

More lecture 9 qs Flashcards

1
Q

Which two things assist in decreased vascular resistance with increased cardiac output?

A

Capillary recruitment and capillary distention

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2
Q

What is the primary reason for the fall in resistance with increased CO?

A

Capillary recruitment

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3
Q

Pleural pressure is more positive at what lung volume, high or low?

A

Low

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4
Q

What causes pulmonary vasoconstriction, high or low oxygen tension? What can this cause?

A

Low oxygen tension; hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction

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5
Q

How does a negative pleural pressure affect vascular resistance?

A

High vascular resistance

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6
Q

Hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction is characterized by what being high and what being low?

A

High CO2 and low blood pH

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7
Q

Generalized hypoxia is most likely seen with what?

A

Lung disease

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8
Q

Regional hypoxia is most likely seen with what?

A

Blood clots

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9
Q

An increase in alveolar ______ enhances filtration.

A

surface tension

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10
Q

What occurs when capillary filtration exceeds fluid removal?

A

Pulmonary edema

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11
Q

Hypoxia causes what in the pulmonary system?

A

Vasoconstriction

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12
Q

Where is ventilation the highest in the lungs?

A

Apex

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13
Q

An anatomic shunt or low regional ventilation/perfusion ratio are both causes of what?

A

Wasted blood

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14
Q

What is the main control of the respiratory center that sends impulses to the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves?

A

Medulla

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15
Q

What keeps the alveoli dry?

A

Low pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure

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16
Q

Alveolar ____________________ enhances filtration
Alveolar ____________________ opposes filtration

A

surface tension; pressure

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17
Q

What pressure enhances filtration? (in the lungs)

A

Hydrostatic

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18
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and intercostals

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19
Q

Mechanoreceptors (irritant, stretch, J receptors) send info where? Through what nerve?

A

Medulla and pons; vagus

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20
Q

The main control of the respiratory center is what?

A

Medulla

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21
Q

What muscles assist in the active expiration process?

A

Abdominal

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22
Q

What stimulates accessory muscle use and aids in forced breathing?

A

VRG

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23
Q

What stops the DRG from firing allowing for relaxation?

A

Pneumotaxic centers

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24
Q

What controls the depth on inspiration?

A

Apneustic centers

25
Q

What is also called the inspiratory area?

A

DRG

26
Q

Which receptor is the slowest?

A

J receptors/ Juxtapulmonary

27
Q

Where do pulmonary stretch receptors fire to?

A

Medulla

28
Q

How does the Hering-Breuer Reflex affect heart rate?

A

Stimulates heart rate to increase

29
Q

What receptors are involved in the Hering-Breuer Reflex?

A

Pulmonary stretch receptors

30
Q

Which receptors are rapidly adapting?

A

Irritant

31
Q

What leads to severe bronchoconstriction in asthmatics?

A

Histamine stimulation of irritant receptors

32
Q

What receptors line the respiratory epithelium?

A

Irritant

33
Q

What receptors are located both within and outside of the lung?

A

Stretch

34
Q

When are pulmonary J receptors stimulated? What do they then do?

A

When fluid volume increases, they stimulate increased respiratory rate

35
Q

What innervates J receptors?

A

CNX

36
Q

What receptors are adjacent to the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?

A

Pulmonary J receptors

37
Q

What two things can activate J receptors?

A

1) Physical engorgement of the pulmonary capillaries
2) Increased pulmonary interstitial volume

38
Q

What modify the rate and rhythm of respiration maintained by the medulla?

A

Chemoreceptors

39
Q

What is the most important factor for chemoreceptors?

A

PCO2

40
Q

A high concentration of what is toxic to cells?

A

CO2

41
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors?

A

Brain and brainstem

42
Q

What happens to minute ventilation as PCO2 increases?

A

It increases

43
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch and carotid arteries

44
Q

What is the blood brain barrier permeable to?

A

CO2

45
Q

List 2 things that the BBB is not permeable to

A

H+ and HCO3

46
Q

What can influence the pH of CSF?

A

Blood PCO2

47
Q

What does low CSF pH stimulate?

A

Respiratory centers in the medulla

48
Q

What muscles are involved in hyperventilation?

A

Diaphragm and ICMs

49
Q

Both increased and decreased PCO2 lead to what?

A

Firing of the peripheral chemoreceptors

50
Q

True or false? Changes in tidal volume during slow wave sleep is called cheyne-stokes breathing.

A

True

51
Q

What 3 things occur during stimulation of the VRG and DRG during exercise?

A

1) Increased ventilation
2) Increased RR
3) Increased depth

52
Q

What falls and what rises during slow wave sleep?

A

Minute ventilation falls, PaCO2 rises (small amount)

53
Q

How much of the body’s energy expenditure is used for breathing normally?

A

3%

54
Q

What can pulmonary fibrosis cause?

A

Decreased pulmonary compliance

55
Q

What condition increases airway resistance?

A

COPD

56
Q

What condition decreases elastic recoil?

A

Emphysema

57
Q

What causes increased work to be needed to establish pressure gradients?

A

Increased airway resistance (like COPD)

58
Q

What causes more work to be required for increased depth and rate of breathing?

A

Need for increased ventilation (like exercise)

59
Q

1) What causes more work to expand the lungs?
2) What causes more work to empty the lungs?

A

1) Decreased pulmonary compliance
2) Decreased elastic recoil

(PA school) Human Physiology (25 decks)

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