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(PA school) Human Physiology > More lecture 8 qs > Flashcards

More lecture 8 qs Flashcards

From cassidy's practice qs + ppt

1
Q

What function does cartilage have in the conducting zone?

A

Prevent collapse

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2
Q

Where is the majority of pulmonary circulation (gas exchange) occurring?

A

Alveolar surface area

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3
Q

How many layers of type 1 alveolar cells make up the alveolar sacs?

A

1

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4
Q

What happens to our number of alveoli, alveolar surface area, and skin surface area as we age?

A

Increases

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5
Q

Which of the following are respiratory muscles?:
Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoids
Diaphragm
Intercostals

A

All

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6
Q

What law states that barometric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gasses?

A

Dalton’s law

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7
Q

Which law states that the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies?

A

Boyle’s law

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8
Q

What are the two main functions of pressure within the lung?

A

Prevent airway collapse
Prevent lung collapse

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9
Q

Transmural pressure/ Transpulmonary pressure is the difference of what?

A

Alveolar pressure - pleural pressure

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10
Q

What does the diaphragm do during expiration?

A

Moves up

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11
Q

What is the maximum lung capacity?

A

4200-5700mL

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12
Q

What is described as air exchanged during a single breath?

A

Tidal volume

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13
Q

How would FEV1 change in someone with COPD compared to a normal baseline?

A

Lower

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14
Q

FEv1 is usually what percent of vital capacity?

A

80%

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15
Q

What does FEv1 indicate?

A

Maximal airflow rate

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16
Q

What’s the difference between RV and FRC? (functional residual capacity)

A

FRC is volume of air remaining after normal expiration (ERV + RV), RV is ) minimum air remaining after maximum expiration (1200mL)

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17
Q

Extra volume that can be expired after normal expiration (1000mL) is called what?

A

ERV

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18
Q

What is IRV + TV?

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC) ; maximum amount of air that can be inspired after normal expiration

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19
Q

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration (IRV + TV + ERV) is called what?

A

Vital capacity (VC)

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20
Q

The maximum volume that lungs can hold (vital capacity + residual volume = 5700mL) is called what?

A

Total lung capacity (TC)

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21
Q

Tidal volume x respiratory rate = what?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

22
Q

Of the 500mL inspired, how much of that remains in the airways as dead space?

A

150mL

23
Q

During expiration, some of the air remains in the airways. Why?

A

So airways don’t collapse

24
Q

What is equal to the (tidal volume minus the dead space volume) x the respiratory rate?

A

Alveolar ventilation

25
Q

What causes a fall in PaCO2?

A

Hyperventilation

26
Q

List the 3 basic components of the elastic properties of the lungs

A

Elastic recoil
Distensibility
Stiffness

27
Q

What 3 things effect lung compliance?

A

Lung size
Lung volume
Surface tension inside the alveoli

28
Q

COPD is an example of what kind of lung compliance?

A

Low

29
Q

What type of COPD is caused by alveolar destruction from chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritants?

A

Emphysema

30
Q

What type of COPD is from long term inflammation of lower airways from smoking, pollution, and allergens and causes prolonged thickening of airways, mucus overproduction, and infrequent infections?

A

Chronic bronchitis

31
Q

What are the 3 jobs of pulmonary surfactant?

A

1) Intersperses water molecules and lower alveolar surface tension to increase pulmonary compliance
2) Reduce recoil
3) Stabilize alveoli

32
Q

The primary determinant of resistance is airway _________.

A

radius

33
Q

What is the major site of airway resistance for decreasing airflow?

A

Bronchi

34
Q

What two things stimulate B2 adrenergic receptors to cause dilation of the airway, altering its patency?

A

Epinephrine
Isopropanol

35
Q

Higher altitude leads to ______ gas exchange of O2 due to lower amount of pressure in the atmosphere.

A

lower

36
Q

What law states that the rate of gas diffusion is inversely related to membrane thickness and directly proportional to surface area?

A

Fick’s law

37
Q

What does CO2 mostly bind to?

A

Bicarbonate
(30% bound to Hgb, 60% as bicarb, 10% dissolved)

38
Q

When are smaller airways dilated? What does this mean?

A

When thorax is expanded; this means resistance during inspiration is lower than expiration

39
Q

What flow is the major determinant in transferring oxygen from the alveoli to the blood?

A

Pulmonary capillary blood flow

40
Q

What is the main factor for Hgb saturation?

A

Partial gradient

41
Q

The measure of extent to which Hgb is combined with O2 is called what?

A

Hgb saturation

42
Q

The statement “if the concentration of one substance in a reversible action is decreased, the reaction is driven in the opposite direction” is a part of what?

A

Law of mass action

43
Q

If surrounding blood is low in O2, oxyhemoglobin will dissociate into what?

A

Hemoglobin and oxygen

44
Q

If surrounding blood is high in O2 (like in pulmonary capillaries), O2 will combine with hemoglobin into what?

A

oxyhemoglobin

45
Q

The O2-Hgb dissociation (or saturation) curve is the relationship between what?

A

Partial gradient of O2 and Hgb saturation

46
Q

What does the steep portion of the O2-Hgb dissociation curve represent?

A

O2 unloaded at systemic capillaries

47
Q

What does the plateau portion of the O2-Hgb dissociation curve represent?

A

O2 loaded onto Hgb at pulmonary capillaries

48
Q

A respiratory malfunction or high altitude/suffocating environment causes what?

A

Hypoxic hypoxia

49
Q

What poison causes histotoxic hypoxia?

A

Cyanide

50
Q

Define hypercapnia

A

Too much CO2

51
Q

List 4 factors that can affect Hgb saturation and cause less oxygen to be bound to it

A

CO2
Acidity
Temperature
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

52
Q

What production increases when Hgb is chronically undersaturated>

A

BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate)

(PA school) Human Physiology (25 decks)

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