Final studying: Lecture 5 (on its own bc it's huge) Flashcards
1) What kind of movement does skeletal muscle do?
2) What is abundant in skeletal muscle cells?
3) What two things do they provide?
1) Both voluntary and reflex control
2) Abundant mitochondria
3) Movement and production of heat
Skeletal muscle:
1) What does endomysium bind?
2) What does perimysium bind? What is in this layer?
3) What does epimysium bind?
1) Muscle fibers
2) Fascicles; nerves and blood vessels
3) Muscles
1) What maintain skeletal muscle?
2) List them
1) Cytoskeletal proteins
2) A band, H zone, M line, I band, & Z line
1) What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle?
2) How is it defined?
1) Sarcomere
2) Area between Z lines
What 3 things make up thin filaments? [of skeletal muscle]
1) Actin
2) Tropomyosin
3) Troponin
1) What is tropomyosin shaped like?
2) What does it do [in skeletal muscle]?
1) Threadlike
2) Wraps around helix and covers binding sites
What makes up troponin?
3 small spherical subunits
1) When skeletal muscle is at rest, what is troponin doing?
2) At rest, what blocks actin binding sites?
1) Not bound to calcium
2) Tropomyosin ribbon
1) What branches into the NMJ (neuromuscular junction)?
2) What does it contain?
1) Motor neuron
2) Acetylcholine
Muscle relaxation is facilitated by what?
Calcium’s return to the lateral sacs
What are the 3 types of contraction? Describe and give an example of each
1) Isotonic
-Muscle changes length, load remains constant
-Ex: Lifting weights
2) Isokinetic
-Muscle changes length, velocity remains constant
-Ex: riding elliptical
3) Isometric
-Muscle prevented from changing length, tension develops
-Ex: Holding a weight with your arm still
1) When is asynchronous recruitment possible?
2) Why?
1) Only possible for submaximal contractions
2) Maximal contractions recruit all motor units (by definition)
What causes a stretch reflex?
Muscle spindles sense a change in length
What are the 3 classes of motor activity? Give an example of each
1) Reflex: Patellar reflex
2) Voluntary: Choosing to move your arm
3) Rhythmic: Walking or chewing
1) What are slow-oxidative (type I) muscle fibers good for?
2) Give 2 examples of where they’re prolific
1) Low intensity contractions for longer periods without fatigue
2) Back and leg muscles
1) What do satellite cells do?
2) What are their limitations?
1) Local damage activates them, and this gives rise to myoblasts which can fuse to form a muscle fiber
2) Cannot repair extensive damage
1) What fibers are most affected by age-related atrophy?
2) What occurs during age-related atrophy?
3) Why does this happen?
4) What can delay this type of atrophy?
1) Fast-glycolytic fibers
2) Reduced rates of protein synthesis
3) Lower rates of growth hormone,testosterone, and IGF-1
4) Diet and training
How do cardiac and smooth muscle contract? Describe
Similarly to skeletal muscle:
1) Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments after Ca+ rise
2) Use ATP for cross-bridge cycling
1) When is tonic smooth muscle contracted?
2) Where is it found?
1) Usually contracted to some degree at all times, but resting tone that can incrementally increase or decrease
2) Arteriole walls
Name 3 things skeletal and cardiac muscle have in common
1) Striated
2) Filaments organized into bands
3) Contain troponin and tropomyosin
Name 2 things smooth and cardiac muscle have in common
1) Have gap junctions that enhance spread of action potentials
2) Innervated by autonomic system
Name 2 characteristics unique to cardiac muscle
1) Fibers joined in branching network
2) Action potentials last much longer after depolarizing
1) What is hematocrit (Ht, HTC) ?
2) What is the average in both males and females?
1) The percent volume of red blood cells per volume of whole blood
2) 42% avg in females, 45% for males
What makes up blood’s “buffy coat”? What percent of blood is this?
WBCs and platelets; less than 1% of blood volume
1) What makes up 99% of plasma’s non-water weight?
2) What makes up most of this category?
3) What are the 4 other groups of things in this category?
1) Organic substances
2) Mostly plasma proteins
3)
-Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamins
-Waste: creatinine, bilirubin, urea
-Gases: O2, CO2
-Hormones
What synthesizes plasma proteins?
The liver
What are the 3 groups of plasma proteins? List their categories if they have any
1) Albumins
2) Fibrinogen
3) Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma)
1) What is the most abundant plasma protein? What percent of proteins is this?
2) What does this protein do?
1) Albumins; 60%
2) Bind substances that are poorly water-soluble for transport
1) What do alpha and beta globulins do?
2) What are they heavily involved in?
3) What are gamma globulins?
1) Bind substances for transport, but are highly specific
2) Clotting
3) Gamma globulins are immunoglobulins (antibodies)
1) Name 3 lipids found in plasma
2) What does a blood lipid profile tell you?
1) Cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides
2) Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides
Which lipid found in plasma is a precursor for steroid hormone synthesis?
Cholesterol
1) What is the only place hemoglobin is found?
2) What percent of oxygen in blood is bound to hemoglobin?
3) Where is the rest of the oxygen in blood?
1) In RBCs
2) 98.5%
3) Dissolved in plasma
What are the two main enzymes within mature RBCs? Describe what each does.
1) Glycolytic enzymes: Needed to power transport mechanisms within the cell
2) Carbonic anhydrase
-Converts CO2 to bicarbonate (“bicarb”) (HCO3)
-Primary transport form of CO2
Where do most RBCs rupture? Why?
Spleen contains narrow capillary network where most RBCs finally rupture
1) What do the kidneys secrete? When?
2) What does this stimulate?
1) Erythropoietin (EPO) upon detecting low O2
2) Stimulates red marrow
1) What is not having enough RBCs called?
2) What does this lead to?
3) What are these two things combined called?
4) What are some causes of low RBCs?
1) Low hematocrit
2) Decreased O2 capacity
3) Anemia
4) Decreased EPO, increased blood loss, deficient Hgb
Name the two types of polycythemia, and define them and describe why they happen
1) Primary polycythemia: Excessive, uncontrolled rate of erythropoiesis in red marrow
-Hematocrit up to 80%
-No extra O2 benefit because far exceeds upper limit of max capacity for O2 delivery
2) Secondary polycythemia: Adaptation in response to prolonged O2 reduction
-People living at high altitudes, chronic lung disease, cardiac failure
1) Blood types depend on what?
2) Define this
1) Surface antigens on erythrocytes
2) Antigen: large complex molecule that triggers WBC to produce antibodies against them, destroying the antigen
1) What are thrombocytes also called?
2) Where do they come from?
1) Platelets
2) Shed from megakaryocytes
What two chemicals are released by activated platelets during platelet plug formation? Define each and what they do
1) Thromboxane A2: Eicosanoid paracrine similar to prostaglandins
2) ADP: already know what this is
-Stimulates release of prostacyclin and nitric oxide from nearby normal endothelium; this profoundly inhibits platelet aggregation and preventing platelet plug from growing forever
What is Factor X?
Activated plasma protein that converts prothrombin to thrombin
What two things can trigger the coagulation cascade?
Intrinsic or extrinsic pathway
List the 5 types of WBCs
1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils
4) Monocytes
5) Lymphocytes
What type of runner can you expect to have more hypertrophy, long distance or short distance?
Short distance
Is a liquid with a high viscosity very watery or thick?
Thick
