Final studying: Lecture 5 (on its own bc it's huge)

Question 2

1) What kind of movement does skeletal muscle do?
2) What is abundant in skeletal muscle cells?
3) What two things do they provide?

Answer 2

1) Both voluntary and reflex control
2) Abundant mitochondria
3) Movement and production of heat

Question 3

Skeletal muscle:
1) What does endomysium bind?
2) What does perimysium bind? What is in this layer?
3) What does epimysium bind?

Answer 3

1) Muscle fibers
2) Fascicles; nerves and blood vessels
3) Muscles

Question 4

1) What maintain skeletal muscle?
2) List them

Answer 4

1) Cytoskeletal proteins
2) A band, H zone, M line, I band, & Z line

Question 5

1) What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle?
2) How is it defined?

Answer 5

1) Sarcomere
2) Area between Z lines

Question 6

What 3 things make up thin filaments? [of skeletal muscle]

Answer 6

1) Actin
2) Tropomyosin
3) Troponin

Question 7

1) What is tropomyosin shaped like?
2) What does it do [in skeletal muscle]?

Answer 7

1) Threadlike
2) Wraps around helix and covers binding sites

Question 8

What makes up troponin?

Answer 8

3 small spherical subunits

Question 9

1) When skeletal muscle is at rest, what is troponin doing?
2) At rest, what blocks actin binding sites?

Answer 9

1) Not bound to calcium
2) Tropomyosin ribbon

Question 10

1) What branches into the NMJ (neuromuscular junction)?
2) What does it contain?

Answer 10

1) Motor neuron
2) Acetylcholine

Question 11

Muscle relaxation is facilitated by what?

Answer 11

Calcium’s return to the lateral sacs

Question 12

What are the 3 types of contraction? Describe and give an example of each

Answer 12

1) Isotonic
-Muscle changes length, load remains constant
-Ex: Lifting weights
2) Isokinetic
-Muscle changes length, velocity remains constant
-Ex: riding elliptical
3) Isometric
-Muscle prevented from changing length, tension develops
-Ex: Holding a weight with your arm still

Question 13

1) When is asynchronous recruitment possible?
2) Why?

Answer 13

1) Only possible for submaximal contractions
2) Maximal contractions recruit all motor units (by definition)

Question 14

What causes a stretch reflex?

Answer 14

Muscle spindles sense a change in length

Question 15

What are the 3 classes of motor activity? Give an example of each

Answer 15

1) Reflex: Patellar reflex
2) Voluntary: Choosing to move your arm
3) Rhythmic: Walking or chewing

Question 16

1) What are slow-oxidative (type I) muscle fibers good for?
2) Give 2 examples of where they’re prolific

Answer 16

1) Low intensity contractions for longer periods without fatigue
2) Back and leg muscles

Question 17

1) What do satellite cells do?
2) What are their limitations?

Answer 17

1) Local damage activates them, and this gives rise to myoblasts which can fuse to form a muscle fiber
2) Cannot repair extensive damage

Question 18

1) What fibers are most affected by age-related atrophy?
2) What occurs during age-related atrophy?
3) Why does this happen?
4) What can delay this type of atrophy?

Answer 18

1) Fast-glycolytic fibers
2) Reduced rates of protein synthesis
3) Lower rates of growth hormone,testosterone, and IGF-1
4) Diet and training

Question 19

How do cardiac and smooth muscle contract? Describe

Answer 19

Similarly to skeletal muscle:
1) Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments after Ca+ rise
2) Use ATP for cross-bridge cycling

Question 20

1) When is tonic smooth muscle contracted?
2) Where is it found?

Answer 20

1) Usually contracted to some degree at all times, but resting tone that can incrementally increase or decrease
2) Arteriole walls

Question 21

Name 3 things skeletal and cardiac muscle have in common

Answer 21

1) Striated
2) Filaments organized into bands
3) Contain troponin and tropomyosin

Question 22

Name 2 things smooth and cardiac muscle have in common

Answer 22

1) Have gap junctions that enhance spread of action potentials
2) Innervated by autonomic system

Question 23

Name 2 characteristics unique to cardiac muscle

Answer 23

1) Fibers joined in branching network
2) Action potentials last much longer after depolarizing

Question 24

1) What is hematocrit (Ht, HTC) ?
2) What is the average in both males and females?

Answer 24

1) The percent volume of red blood cells per volume of whole blood
2) 42% avg in females, 45% for males

Question 25

What makes up blood’s “buffy coat”? What percent of blood is this?

Answer 25

WBCs and platelets; less than 1% of blood volume

Question 26

1) What makes up 99% of plasma’s non-water weight?
2) What makes up most of this category?
3) What are the 4 other groups of things in this category?

Answer 26

1) Organic substances
2) Mostly plasma proteins
3)
-Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamins
-Waste: creatinine, bilirubin, urea
-Gases: O2, CO2
-Hormones

Question 27

What synthesizes plasma proteins?

Answer 27

The liver

Question 28

What are the 3 groups of plasma proteins? List their categories if they have any

Answer 28

1) Albumins
2) Fibrinogen
3) Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma)

Question 29

1) What is the most abundant plasma protein? What percent of proteins is this?
2) What does this protein do?

Answer 29

1) Albumins; 60%
2) Bind substances that are poorly water-soluble for transport

Question 30

1) What do alpha and beta globulins do?
2) What are they heavily involved in?
3) What are gamma globulins?

Answer 30

1) Bind substances for transport, but are highly specific
2) Clotting
3) Gamma globulins are immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Question 31

1) Name 3 lipids found in plasma
2) What does a blood lipid profile tell you?

Answer 31

1) Cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides
2) Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides

Question 32

Which lipid found in plasma is a precursor for steroid hormone synthesis?

Answer 32

Cholesterol

Question 33

1) What is the only place hemoglobin is found?
2) What percent of oxygen in blood is bound to hemoglobin?
3) Where is the rest of the oxygen in blood?

Answer 33

1) In RBCs
2) 98.5%
3) Dissolved in plasma

Question 34

What are the two main enzymes within mature RBCs? Describe what each does.

Answer 34

1) Glycolytic enzymes: Needed to power transport mechanisms within the cell
2) Carbonic anhydrase
-Converts CO2 to bicarbonate (“bicarb”) (HCO3)
-Primary transport form of CO2

Question 35

Where do most RBCs rupture? Why?

Answer 35

Spleen contains narrow capillary network where most RBCs finally rupture

Question 36

1) What do the kidneys secrete? When?
2) What does this stimulate?

Answer 36

1) Erythropoietin (EPO) upon detecting low O2
2) Stimulates red marrow

Question 37

1) What is not having enough RBCs called?
2) What does this lead to?
3) What are these two things combined called?
4) What are some causes of low RBCs?

Answer 37

1) Low hematocrit
2) Decreased O2 capacity
3) Anemia
4) Decreased EPO, increased blood loss, deficient Hgb

Question 38

Name the two types of polycythemia, and define them and describe why they happen

Answer 38

1) Primary polycythemia: Excessive, uncontrolled rate of erythropoiesis in red marrow
-Hematocrit up to 80%
-No extra O2 benefit because far exceeds upper limit of max capacity for O2 delivery
2) Secondary polycythemia: Adaptation in response to prolonged O2 reduction
-People living at high altitudes, chronic lung disease, cardiac failure

Question 39

1) Blood types depend on what?
2) Define this

Answer 39

1) Surface antigens on erythrocytes
2) Antigen: large complex molecule that triggers WBC to produce antibodies against them, destroying the antigen

Question 40

1) What are thrombocytes also called?
2) Where do they come from?

Answer 40

1) Platelets
2) Shed from megakaryocytes

Question 41

What two chemicals are released by activated platelets during platelet plug formation? Define each and what they do

Answer 41

1) Thromboxane A2: Eicosanoid paracrine similar to prostaglandins
2) ADP: already know what this is
-Stimulates release of prostacyclin and nitric oxide from nearby normal endothelium; this profoundly inhibits platelet aggregation and preventing platelet plug from growing forever

Question 42

What is Factor X?

Answer 42

Activated plasma protein that converts prothrombin to thrombin

Question 43

What two things can trigger the coagulation cascade?

Answer 43

Intrinsic or extrinsic pathway

Question 44

List the 5 types of WBCs

Answer 44

1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils
4) Monocytes
5) Lymphocytes

Question 45

What type of runner can you expect to have more hypertrophy, long distance or short distance?

Answer 45

Short distance

Question 46

Is a liquid with a high viscosity very watery or thick?

Answer 46

Thick