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(PA school) Human Physiology > Practice lecture #2 questions > Flashcards

Practice lecture #2 questions Flashcards

Topics I was shaky on/ need to review from Cassidy's lecture 2 practice test

1
Q

Schwann cells are found in the _______ while Oligodendrocytes are in the _______.

A

Schwann in PNS; oligodendrocytes in the CNS

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2
Q

What adds rigidity to an axon?

A

Neurofilaments

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3
Q

What are the 3 cytoskeletal components that mediate neuronal transport?

A

Neurofilaments, microfilaments, and microtubules

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4
Q

________ are composed of actin and myosin, which are extensions of axons and dendrites involved in structural support and organelle transport

A

Microfilaments

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5
Q

This cytoskeletal component is aided by kinesin and dynein proteins.

A

Microtubules

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6
Q

_____________ is an autoimmune disease in which myelin is destroyed

A

MS

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7
Q

Name the 3 ions needed for neuronal excitability

A

Na+, K+, and Cl-

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8
Q

At the threshold potential of a voltage gated channel, Na+ becomes 600x more permeable than K+ and sets off a ____________ of Na+ voltage gated channels opening.

A

Positive feedback

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9
Q

An action potential can only be generated during what period by a stronger than usual trigger?

A

Relative refractory period

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10
Q

In regards to action potentials, a stronger stimulus leads to what?

A

More action potentials

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11
Q

A fiber with a _____ diameter and more myelination would result in a faster action potential

A

larger

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12
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in CNS pathways for mood, behavior, stress, consciousness, and muscles?

A

Serotonin

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13
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from nerves that supply muscle and exocrine glands?

A

Acetylcholine

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, and CNS pathways for memory, mood, emotion, behavior, perception, and sleep?

A

Norepinephrine

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15
Q

What two neurotransmitters are involved in exocrine glands?

A

Acetylcholine released from nerves that supply glands, norepinephrine also involved with them

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in similar CNS pathways to norepinephrine?

A

Dopamine

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17
Q

What is the most common neuromodulator involved with long lasting events like learning and motivation?

A

Neuropeptides

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18
Q

List 4 neuromodulators involved with long-lasting events like learning and motivation

A

Neuropeptides
ATP
Nitrous oxide
Endocannabinoids

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19
Q

List 4 groups of chemical signaling molecules

A

Paracrines/autocrines
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Neurohormones

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20
Q

What are the two most common types of paracrines?

A

Cytokines and eicosanoids

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21
Q

Cytokines’ role in paracrine communication is what?

A

Enhance antibody-producing cells, involved in healing, growth, and cellular differentiation

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22
Q

What do autocrines act on?

A

Only on the cells that secreted it

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23
Q

What releases neurohormones? Where?

A

Neurosecretory neurons into the blood

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24
Q

Name 2 short distance signaling molecules

A

Paracrines (act on nearby cells) and neurotransmitters (across synaptic cleft)

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25
Q

What type of Eicosanoids are involved in inflammatory responses?

A

Leukotrienes

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26
Q

1) What are eicosanoids?
2) What are the 3 classes?

A

1) Lipid signal molecules & a type of paracrine
2) Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes

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27
Q

What type of eicosanoid was thought to have only been involved in reproduction?

A

Prostaglandins

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28
Q

Chemoreceptors are involved in what two senses?

A

Olfaction and taste

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29
Q

The rule that states that larger responses don’t produce larger AP, but can trigger more AP’s, is what?

A

All-or-none Law

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30
Q

The acute pain you feel in your thumb when you accidentally strike it with a hammer is an example of what?

A

Tonic (slow) adaptation

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31
Q

Any damage to the ____________ would cause a decrease in action potentials.

A

hypodermis

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32
Q

The type of adaptation when you stop smelling a smell in a room very quickly is called?

A

Phasic adaptation

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33
Q

Pacinian and Meissner corpuscles do what kind of adaptation?

A

Phasic (fast) adaptation

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34
Q

1) What is the origin of hearing? What type of receptor is involved?
2) What is the origin of sight?

A

1) Organ of Corti; mechanoreceptor
2) Retina

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35
Q

Give 2 examples of interoception and which organ is involved in each

A

1) Aortic arch baroreceptors; aortic arch
2) pH receptors; aortic arch/ medulla oblongata

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36
Q

What receptors sense gentle touch?

A

Hair receptors

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37
Q

What senses sustained touch and texture, like when reading Braille?

A

Merkel’s disc

38
Q

What senses vibration and deep pressure?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

39
Q

What type of receptors adapt quickly and are sensitive? Give an example of when they’re used

A

Meissner’s corpuscle; tickling with feather

40
Q

Describe how tactile mechanoreceptors work

A

Mechanical force changes cation channel proteins, Na+ enters, causing an afferent action potential

41
Q

Name the three types of sensory thermal sensation receptors

A

Cold, warmth, and pain receptors.

42
Q

Thermal receptor signals enter ascending fibers in the _________ tract and terminate in the _________ and ___________

A

anterolateral; brainstem and thalamus

43
Q

Which layer of the eye provides nutrients for cornea and lens? Where is it?

A

Aqueous humor in anterior cavity between cornea and lens

44
Q

A patient who has glaucoma had an increase in what kind of liquid?

A

Aqueous humor

45
Q

What jelly-like layer of the eye maintains shape? Where is it?

A

Vitreous humor in interior cavity between lens and retina

46
Q

An astigmatism is an irregularity in the curvature of what?

A

Cornea

47
Q

The ability to adjust the strength of what is known as accommodation?

A

the Lens

48
Q

When viewing a far away object, you can expect the lens to be ______.

A

Lens flat (weak)

49
Q

When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, what are the ligaments like?

A

Taut

50
Q

When is the ciliary muscle in its default position?

A

When viewing far away objects and muscle is relaxed

51
Q

When focusing on a nearby object, what part of the eye increases in width?

A

Lens strength (width) is increased

52
Q

When is the eye not doing accomodation?

A

When looking far away

53
Q

Define emmetropia

A

Normal vision

54
Q

When a patient develops a cataract, their transparent fibers in the ___________ have become opaque.

A

Lens

55
Q

True or false: the lens is only made of a few layers of cells

A

False; has 1000 layers

56
Q

______ occurs when the eye is too long, and ________ occurs when an eye is too short.

A

Myopia, Hyperopia

57
Q

__________ occurs when the lens is too strong/ wide

A

Myopia

58
Q

1) What does the outer layer of the retina contain?
2) What does the middle layer of the retina contain?
3) What does the inner layer of the retina contain?

A

1) Outer: Rods and cones
2) Middle: Bipolar cells, interneurons
3) Inner: Ganglion cells; axons form optic nerve

59
Q

Name the area in the back of the eye that’s the center of the retina, where only cones are located

A

Fovea

60
Q

What is the leading cause for blindness in the western hemisphere and what does it cause?

A

Age related macular degeneration; central vision loss

61
Q

This region is where the optic nerve and blood vessels pass through

A

Optic disc

62
Q

When photoreceptors die as someone gets older, what is this called?

A

Age related macular degeneration

63
Q

What changes confirmation in light vs in the dark?

A

Retinal component of rhodopsin

64
Q

The region with the sharpest vision is called?

A

Fovea

65
Q

This region of the eye does not contain any rods or cones

A

Optic disc

66
Q

Vitamin A deficiency would most likely damage what? What would this affect?

A

Retinal component of rhodopsin; would affect rods (help us see light)

67
Q

Unlike other receptors, photoreceptors _______ when stimulated

A

Hyperpolarize

68
Q

Why do photoreceptors hyperpolarize?

A

cGMP (chemical messenger) keeps chemically gated Na+ channels open

69
Q

True or false: The wavelengths of any visible color are those leftover after pigments wavelengths are selectively absorbed.

A

True

70
Q

1) What is the lateral geniculate nuclei?
2) What does it do?

A

1) Relay center in thalamus
2) Receives input from the retina and transmits information to the primary visual cortex

71
Q

A patient who has trouble recognizing faces most likely has a problem in what part of the body?

A

Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

72
Q

If the optic chiasm is damaged or severed, which field of vision would be disrupted?

A

Outer vision of both eyes

73
Q

If the left optic nerve is damaged or severed, which field of vision would be disrupted?

A

Entire left eye

74
Q

If the left optic tract is damaged or severed, which field of vision would be disrupted?

A

The right sides of both eyes

75
Q

The high pressure part of sound waves is a result of what?

A

Air molecule compression

76
Q

The low pressure part of sound waves is a result of what?

A

Air molecule rarefaction (decrease in density)

77
Q

_________________ in the __________ ear is necessary for sense of equilibrium/ balance

A

vestibular apparatus; inner ear

78
Q

What part of the ear determines pitch and loudness?

A

Basilar membrane

79
Q

In order for the tympanic membrane (TM) to properly bow in and out, the air pressure must be:

A

equal on both sides

80
Q

Pitch is determined by _________ the basilar membrane vibrates, while loudness is determined by __________ it vibrates.

A

“where”;”how much”

81
Q

Conductive deafness is most likely caused by what?

A

Physical blockage, TM rupture, infection

82
Q

What type of deafness results from loud sounds and aging?

A

Sensorineural

83
Q

True or false: Each taste receptor cell responds to multiple tastants

A

False, each only responds to one

84
Q

Age-related degenerative hearing loss is called?

A

Neural presbycusis

85
Q

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

A

Lateral sulcus

86
Q

What two kinds of taste block K+ from leaving the cell?

A

Sweet and sour

87
Q

What kind of taste involves amino acids and glutamate?

A

Umami

88
Q

Memories of smelling grandma’s apple pie travel down what pathway in olfaction?

A

Higher center to the orbitofrontal cortex

89
Q

Unconscious smell involves what?

A

Lower centers to the temporal lobes, thalamus and hypothalamus

90
Q

What organ detects pheromones?

A

Vomeronasal organ

91
Q

Binding of a receptor in the Vomeronasal organ triggers an AP to which system?

A

Limbic system

(PA school) Human Physiology (25 decks)

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