Practice lecture #2 questions Flashcards
Topics I was shaky on/ need to review from Cassidy's lecture 2 practice test
Schwann cells are found in the _______ while Oligodendrocytes are in the _______.
Schwann in PNS; oligodendrocytes in the CNS
What adds rigidity to an axon?
Neurofilaments
What are the 3 cytoskeletal components that mediate neuronal transport?
Neurofilaments, microfilaments, and microtubules
________ are composed of actin and myosin, which are extensions of axons and dendrites involved in structural support and organelle transport
Microfilaments
This cytoskeletal component is aided by kinesin and dynein proteins.
Microtubules
_____________ is an autoimmune disease in which myelin is destroyed
MS
Name the 3 ions needed for neuronal excitability
Na+, K+, and Cl-
At the threshold potential of a voltage gated channel, Na+ becomes 600x more permeable than K+ and sets off a ____________ of Na+ voltage gated channels opening.
Positive feedback
An action potential can only be generated during what period by a stronger than usual trigger?
Relative refractory period
In regards to action potentials, a stronger stimulus leads to what?
More action potentials
A fiber with a _____ diameter and more myelination would result in a faster action potential
larger
What neurotransmitter is used in CNS pathways for mood, behavior, stress, consciousness, and muscles?
Serotonin
What neurotransmitter is released from nerves that supply muscle and exocrine glands?
Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter is involved in cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, and CNS pathways for memory, mood, emotion, behavior, perception, and sleep?
Norepinephrine
What two neurotransmitters are involved in exocrine glands?
Acetylcholine released from nerves that supply glands, norepinephrine also involved with them
What neurotransmitter is involved in similar CNS pathways to norepinephrine?
Dopamine
What is the most common neuromodulator involved with long lasting events like learning and motivation?
Neuropeptides
List 4 neuromodulators involved with long-lasting events like learning and motivation
Neuropeptides
ATP
Nitrous oxide
Endocannabinoids
List 4 groups of chemical signaling molecules
Paracrines/autocrines
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Neurohormones
What are the two most common types of paracrines?
Cytokines and eicosanoids
Cytokines’ role in paracrine communication is what?
Enhance antibody-producing cells, involved in healing, growth, and cellular differentiation
What do autocrines act on?
Only on the cells that secreted it
What releases neurohormones? Where?
Neurosecretory neurons into the blood
Name 2 short distance signaling molecules
Paracrines (act on nearby cells) and neurotransmitters (across synaptic cleft)
What type of Eicosanoids are involved in inflammatory responses?
Leukotrienes
1) What are eicosanoids?
2) What are the 3 classes?
1) Lipid signal molecules & a type of paracrine
2) Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes
What type of eicosanoid was thought to have only been involved in reproduction?
Prostaglandins
Chemoreceptors are involved in what two senses?
Olfaction and taste
The rule that states that larger responses don’t produce larger AP, but can trigger more AP’s, is what?
All-or-none Law
The acute pain you feel in your thumb when you accidentally strike it with a hammer is an example of what?
Tonic (slow) adaptation
Any damage to the ____________ would cause a decrease in action potentials.
hypodermis
The type of adaptation when you stop smelling a smell in a room very quickly is called?
Phasic adaptation
Pacinian and Meissner corpuscles do what kind of adaptation?
Phasic (fast) adaptation
1) What is the origin of hearing? What type of receptor is involved?
2) What is the origin of sight?
1) Organ of Corti; mechanoreceptor
2) Retina
Give 2 examples of interoception and which organ is involved in each
1) Aortic arch baroreceptors; aortic arch
2) pH receptors; aortic arch/ medulla oblongata
What receptors sense gentle touch?
Hair receptors
What senses sustained touch and texture, like when reading Braille?
Merkel’s disc
What senses vibration and deep pressure?
Pacinian corpuscle
What type of receptors adapt quickly and are sensitive? Give an example of when they’re used
Meissner’s corpuscle; tickling with feather
Describe how tactile mechanoreceptors work
Mechanical force changes cation channel proteins, Na+ enters, causing an afferent action potential
Name the three types of sensory thermal sensation receptors
Cold, warmth, and pain receptors.
Thermal receptor signals enter ascending fibers in the _________ tract and terminate in the _________ and ___________
anterolateral; brainstem and thalamus
Which layer of the eye provides nutrients for cornea and lens? Where is it?
Aqueous humor in anterior cavity between cornea and lens
A patient who has glaucoma had an increase in what kind of liquid?
Aqueous humor
What jelly-like layer of the eye maintains shape? Where is it?
Vitreous humor in interior cavity between lens and retina
An astigmatism is an irregularity in the curvature of what?
Cornea
The ability to adjust the strength of what is known as accommodation?
the Lens
When viewing a far away object, you can expect the lens to be ______.
Lens flat (weak)
When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, what are the ligaments like?
Taut
When is the ciliary muscle in its default position?
When viewing far away objects and muscle is relaxed
When focusing on a nearby object, what part of the eye increases in width?
Lens strength (width) is increased
When is the eye not doing accomodation?
When looking far away
Define emmetropia
Normal vision
When a patient develops a cataract, their transparent fibers in the ___________ have become opaque.
Lens
True or false: the lens is only made of a few layers of cells
False; has 1000 layers
______ occurs when the eye is too long, and ________ occurs when an eye is too short.
Myopia, Hyperopia
__________ occurs when the lens is too strong/ wide
Myopia
1) What does the outer layer of the retina contain?
2) What does the middle layer of the retina contain?
3) What does the inner layer of the retina contain?
1) Outer: Rods and cones
2) Middle: Bipolar cells, interneurons
3) Inner: Ganglion cells; axons form optic nerve
Name the area in the back of the eye that’s the center of the retina, where only cones are located
Fovea
What is the leading cause for blindness in the western hemisphere and what does it cause?
Age related macular degeneration; central vision loss
This region is where the optic nerve and blood vessels pass through
Optic disc
When photoreceptors die as someone gets older, what is this called?
Age related macular degeneration
What changes confirmation in light vs in the dark?
Retinal component of rhodopsin
The region with the sharpest vision is called?
Fovea
This region of the eye does not contain any rods or cones
Optic disc
Vitamin A deficiency would most likely damage what? What would this affect?
Retinal component of rhodopsin; would affect rods (help us see light)
Unlike other receptors, photoreceptors _______ when stimulated
Hyperpolarize
Why do photoreceptors hyperpolarize?
cGMP (chemical messenger) keeps chemically gated Na+ channels open
True or false: The wavelengths of any visible color are those leftover after pigments wavelengths are selectively absorbed.
True
1) What is the lateral geniculate nuclei?
2) What does it do?
1) Relay center in thalamus
2) Receives input from the retina and transmits information to the primary visual cortex
A patient who has trouble recognizing faces most likely has a problem in what part of the body?
Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
If the optic chiasm is damaged or severed, which field of vision would be disrupted?
Outer vision of both eyes
If the left optic nerve is damaged or severed, which field of vision would be disrupted?
Entire left eye
If the left optic tract is damaged or severed, which field of vision would be disrupted?
The right sides of both eyes
The high pressure part of sound waves is a result of what?
Air molecule compression
The low pressure part of sound waves is a result of what?
Air molecule rarefaction (decrease in density)
_________________ in the __________ ear is necessary for sense of equilibrium/ balance
vestibular apparatus; inner ear
What part of the ear determines pitch and loudness?
Basilar membrane
In order for the tympanic membrane (TM) to properly bow in and out, the air pressure must be:
equal on both sides
Pitch is determined by _________ the basilar membrane vibrates, while loudness is determined by __________ it vibrates.
“where”;”how much”
Conductive deafness is most likely caused by what?
Physical blockage, TM rupture, infection
What type of deafness results from loud sounds and aging?
Sensorineural
True or false: Each taste receptor cell responds to multiple tastants
False, each only responds to one
Age-related degenerative hearing loss is called?
Neural presbycusis
Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?
Lateral sulcus
What two kinds of taste block K+ from leaving the cell?
Sweet and sour
What kind of taste involves amino acids and glutamate?
Umami
Memories of smelling grandma’s apple pie travel down what pathway in olfaction?
Higher center to the orbitofrontal cortex
Unconscious smell involves what?
Lower centers to the temporal lobes, thalamus and hypothalamus
What organ detects pheromones?
Vomeronasal organ
Binding of a receptor in the Vomeronasal organ triggers an AP to which system?
Limbic system
