PPT LQ2 PT 3 (Paper)

Question 1

Earliest known paper

Answer 1

200 BCE (China)

Question 2

Developed papermaking process using mulberry bark, hemp, and rags

Answer 2

105 CE (Lei yang, China - Ts’ai lun)

Question 3

Pulp masked, pressed, and dried in the sun

Answer 3

105 CE (Lei yang, China - Ts’ai lun)

Question 4

Used for religion, government, and business

Answer 4

105 CE (Lei yang, China - Ts’ai lun)

Question 5

Papermaking spread to the middle east during

Answer 5

400 CE

Question 6

Reached Europer leading the first paper mills

Answer 6

900 CE

Question 7

First paper machine built

Answer 7

1817 at USA - Gilpin paper mill, brandywine, delaware

Question 8

Revolutionized speed and production

Answer 8

1817

Question 9

Led to the decline of hand papermaking

Answer 9

1817

Question 10

What is the composition of paper

Answer 10

Primarily made from natural fibers mainly wood pulp from trees

Question 11

Serves as the base material for paper production

Answer 11

Pulp

Question 12

Can be sourced from softwood (long fibers for strength) or hardwood (short fibers for smoothness)

Answer 12

Pulp

Question 13

Paper produces over ______ annually

Answer 13

300 million tonnes

Question 14

One of the largest industrial sectors worldwide

Answer 14

Paper making

Question 15

Which country are the major producers of wood based pulp

Answer 15

Canada, sweden, finland, japan, brazil, and russia

Question 16

Wheat straw, bagasse, bamboo

Answer 16

Agro-based fibers

Question 17

Over _____ countries rely on agro-fibers for 50% of their pulp production

Answer 17

25

Question 18

These countries are the top producers using non-wood sources

Answer 18

China and india

Question 19

Why kraft process is the preffered process for paper making?

Answer 19

1. Highly efficient and adaptable to different wood types
2. Produces stronger fibers compared to other pulping methods
3. Allows for chemical recovery, reducing waste and environmental impact

Question 20

Fourdrinier machine was invested in the early 19th century by

Answer 20

Henry and sealy fourdrinier

Question 21

It replaced the manual sheet forming methods with a continuous production process

Answer 21

Fourdrinier machine

Question 22

A machine with increased efficiency, consistency, and scalability, enabling mass paper production

Answer 22

Fourdrinier machine

Question 23

How does fourdrinier machine works?

Answer 23

Pulp slurry is spread onto a moving mesh conveyor (wire section), allowing
water to drain.
The forming sheet passes through press rollers to remove excess water and
strengthen fibers.
It is then dried using heated cylinders, reducing moisture content.
Finally, the paper is smoothed (calendered), wound into rolls, or cut into sheets
for various uses.

Question 24

What are the benefits of fourdrinier machine?

Answer 24

1. High output with minimal labor
2. Consistent paper properties for different applications

Question 25

What are the raw materials of paper?

Answer 25

Wood pulp, non-wood pulp, recycled paper

Question 26

Most commonly used raw materials in papermaking, and is derived from both hardwood and softwood trees like oak and pine

Answer 26

Wood pulp

Question 27

Alternative sources of fiber such as bamboo bagasses, and straw commonly used by developing countries

Answer 27

Non-wood pulp

Question 28

Inks and contaminants are removed through deinking to reprocess old newspaper, cardboard, and other used papers

Answer 28

Recycled paper

Question 29

What are the factors affecting material selection?

Answer 29

Softwood fibers & hardwood fibers

Question 30

Why softwood fibers is affecting material selection?

Answer 30

1. Longer and provide strength and durability which is ideal for products like packaging materials 2. Pin and spruce

Question 31

Shorter and contribute to a smoother surface which is beneficial for printing and writing papers

Answer 31

Hardwood fibers

Question 32

Birch and eucalyptus

Answer 32

Hardwood fibers

Question 33

Application of sustainable forest management practices ensures a steady supply of wood while minimizing environmental impact

Answer 33

Planting

Question 34

Reduces reliance on virgin fibers and also supports environmental conservation efforts

Answer 34

Recycling

Question 35

Tissue papers require softness and absorbency favoring certain fiber types and treatments

Answer 35

Soft fibers

Question 36

Corrugated boards used in packaging demand high strength and ragidity, necessitating different raw materials and processing methods

Answer 36

Strong fibers

Question 37

The wood used for paper production is sourced from forest plantations, where trees are selected based on age, size, and health before cutting them into manageable wood chunks

Answer 37

Cutting (trees)

Question 38

which contains tannins and other unwanted chemicals, is removed from the logs. The logs are placed in a debarker, where they collide with each other and the walls, causing the bark to peel off.

Answer 38

Debarking

Question 39

The peeled logs are fed onto a conveyor belt, which transports them to a cutter. The cutter reduces the logs into chips, which are then stored temporarily before being used in the cooking process.

Answer 39

Cutting (logs)

Question 40

Wood chips are cooked with white liquor containing sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide at 160°C for several hours. This process breaks down lignin and part of the hemicellulose through hydrolysis.

Answer 40

Digester

Question 41

A set of washers separates the pulp from black liquor before bleaching. The separated black liquor is then sent to the evaporators for recuperation.

Answer 41

Washing

Question 42

Black liquor is concentrated from solids using multiple-effect evaporators, with the first effect powered by low or medium pressure steam. Vapors are condensed into warm water, while dirty condensates are stripped and recycled to the washers or recausticizing area.

Answer 42

Evaporation

Question 43

Black liquor is combusted with air to generate high-pressure steam for power and process needs. The combustion produces smelt containing sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide, which are essential for chemical recovery, while steam supports various operational functions like soot-blowing and preheating.

Answer 43

Recovery boiler

Question 44

Smelt from the recovery boiler is dissolved in water, forming green liquor. Sodium carbonate in the green liquor reacts with calcium hydroxide in causticizers to regenerate sodium hydroxide.

Answer 44

Recausticising

Question 45

Calcium carbonate (lime mud) is heated in a lime kiln to produce calcium oxide (quicklime) and release carbon dioxide. The quicklime is reused in the recausticizing process to help regenerate chemicals for pulp cooking.

Answer 45

Lime burning

Question 46

The conjugate multiple bonds between atoms are oxidized to reduce light absorption. Chlorine is a primary oxidant but more environmentally friendly chemicals such as oxygen and peroxide could also be used. The pulp is bleached and filtered to prevent the paper from yellowing over time.

Answer 46

Bleaching

Question 47

The pulp is poured into a continuos mesh allowing the water to drain and to form the sheet. It is dried to reduce moisture content before being fed into the Fourdrinier machine. This drying process ensures the pulp reaches the appropriate consistency for the papermaking process.

Answer 47

Drying

Question 48

The machine includes the following unit operations: wire mesh spread, pressing sections, heated rollers and cylinders, calendering rollers, dryers, and finishing rollers.

Answer 48

Fourdrinier machine

Question 49

Factors affecting final product quality in pulping are

Answer 49

Chemical and mechanical

Question 50

Temperature: Ranges from 60-90°C (140-194°F), depending on the bleaching stage. Pressure: Generally conducted at atmospheric pressure. Extent of Reaction: Achieves high degrees of lignin removal to enhance whiteness. Energy: Primarily chemical energy from bleaching agents.

Answer 50

Bleaching

Question 51

Temperature: Dryer drums are heated up to 93°C (200°F). Pressure: Atmospheric. Energy: Significant thermal energy consumption to evaporate water.

Answer 51

Drying

Question 52

___ non integrated paper mills with a combined capacity of 1.3 million tons/year

Answer 52

24

Question 53

Abaca pulp mills exporting 25,000 tons of specialty non-wood pulp annually

Answer 53

4

Question 54

Most local paper is made from

Answer 54

Recycled materials

Question 55

Demand for packaging materials and tissue paper is rising, driven by

Answer 55

E-commerce and food delivery

Question 56

Imported paper dominates the market forcing local mills to shut down with ____ closures recorded

Answer 56

22`