LQ1 Madrazo Flashcards
The raw materials undergo chemical conversion during their processing into finished products, as well as (or instead) the physical conversions common to industry in general
CPI (Chemical Process Industry)
Involved in the production of a wide variety of products that improve the quality of our lives and generate income for companies and their stakeholders
CPI
Combination of mechanical engineering with industrial chemistry
Course X
was designed, according to a
contemporary course catalog, “to meet
the needs of students who desire a
general training in mechanical
engineering, and at the same time to
devote a portion of their time to the
study of the applications of chemistry to
the arts, especially to those engineering
problems which relate to the use and
manufacture of chemical products“
Course X
_____industrialist and chair of visiting committee
of Chemical Engineering at MIT, quoted in his report in _____
- Arthur D. Little
- 1908
_____industrialist and chair of visiting committee
of Chemical Engineering at MIT, quoted in his report in _____
- Arthur D. Little
- 1908
Unit operations should be the foundation of
Chemical Engineering
Arthur D. Little
First textbook on unit operations, Walker-Lewis-McAdams’ “Principles of Chemical Engineering” published in
1923
The ____ and ____ saw the emergence of numerous books on unit operationsamong some of them were the books of Badger, McCabe, Brown, Foust and Geankoplis
1940s and 1950s
organized a review of 77 chemical engineering programs,
and produced a report in 1922that helped shape and change the chemical engineering curriculum forever:
Arthur D. Little
that branch of engineering serving those industries
that chemically convert basic raw materials into a
variety of products, and dealing with the design and
operation of plants and equipment to perform such
work; all products are formed in chemical processes
involving chemical reactions carried out under a wide
range of conditions and frequently accompanied by
changes in physical state or form
Dictionary of Engineering
“Chemical engineer shall mean a person
duly registered and a holder of a valid
Certificate of Registration and Professional
Identification Card issued by the Board of
Chemical Engineering and the Professional
Regulation Commission.”
Article 1 Section 3
“Chemical engineer shall mean a person
duly registered and a holder of a valid
Certificate of Registration and Professional
Identification Card issued by the Board of
Chemical Engineering and the Professional
Regulation Commission.”
Article 1 Section 3
leads to the Bachelor of Science in Chemical
Engineering through a curriculum that prepares the graduate for a wide range of career pursuits.
Course 10
leads to the Bachelor of Science in Chemical-
Biological Engineering, which includes the basic engineering core from the Course 10 degree and adds material in basic and applied biology
Course 10-B
leads to the Bachelor of Science in
Engineering, a more flexible curriculum that supplements a chemical
engineering foundation with an area of technical specialization.
Course 10-ENG
leads to the Bachelor of Science without
specification; this non-accredited degree requires fewer chemical
engineering subjects
Course 10-C
The chemical engineering (ChE) department of UP Diliman was established in
1956
University of San Carlos offered Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering
1950’s
are series of separate and distinct steps that makes up
the processes involved in the production of goods
Unit operations
Driving a car is driving a car no matter what the make
Unit operations
whether one is distilling alcohol for hard liquor or petroleum for
gasoline, the underlying principles are the same!
Unit operations
this concerns the principles that determines the flow
or transportation of any fluid from one point to another
Fluid flow
This deals with the principles that govern
accumulation and transfer of heat and energy from one place to another
Heat Transfer
This is a special case of heat transfer, which deals
with the evaporation of a volatile solvent such as water from a nonvolatile solute such as salt
Evaporation
In this operation, volatile liquids, usually water, are
removed from solid materials
Drying
This is an operation whereby components of a liquid
mixture are separated by boiling because of their differences in vapor
pressure.
Distillation
this process involves the removal of a component
from a gas stream by treatment with liquid
Absorption
this process involves the separation of
a solute from a fluid by diffusion of this solute from a liquid or gas
through a semipermeable membrane barrier to another fluid
Membrane Separation
In this case a solute in a liquid
solution is removed by contacting with another liquid solvent which is
relatively immiscible with the solution.
Liquid-liquid extraction
In this operation, a component of a gas or liquid
stream is removed by a solid adsorben
Adsorption
This involves treating finely divided
solid with a liquid that dissolves out and removes a solute contained in
the solid
Liquid-solid leaching
this entails the removal of a solute such as a salt
from a solution by precipitating the solute from the solution
Crystallization
these involves
separation of solids, liquids or gases by mechanical means, such as
filtration, settling, and size reduction, which are often classified as
separate unit operations
Mechanical-physical separations
About ____, P.H.
Groggins suggested a
somewhat similar
approach to classifying
chemical operations as
“unit processes
1930
This concept has not
proved as useful as the
unit operations idea nor
have its concepts been
reduced to mathematical
procedures
Unit Processes
Unit operations are
Fluid flow, heat transfer, evaporation, drying, distillation, absorption, membrane separation, liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, liquid-solid leaching, crystallization, mechanical-physical separations
Unit processes are
Nitration, halogenation, alkylation, esterification, hydrolysis, hydrohalogenation, sulfation, sulfonation, etc.
The basic operations of
chemical engineering in a chemical process plant, that
is, distillation, fluid transport, heat and mass transfer,
evaporation, extraction, drying, crystallization, filtration,
mixing, size separation, crushing and grinding, and
conveying
From dictionary of engineering [Unit operation]
The basic operations of
chemical engineering in a chemical process plant, that
is, distillation, fluid transport, heat and mass transfer,
evaporation, extraction, drying, crystallization, filtration,
mixing, size separation, crushing and grinding, and
conveying
From dictionary of engineering [Unit operation]
[CHEM ENG] In chemical manufacturing, a
process that involves chemical conversion.
Unit process
apply the principles of chemistry to solve problems involving the ____ or use of chemicals and other products
Production
equipment and processes for large-scale chemical
manufacturing
Design
plan and ____ methods of manufacturing products and treating byproducts
Test
They ____ production
Supervise
must be aware of all aspects of chemical manufacturing and how the manufacturing process affects the environment and the safety of workers and consumers
Role of chemical engineers in CPI
Chemical engineers have served as ______ of such leading global businesses as 3M, DuPont, Intel,
General Electric, Union Carbide, Dow Chemical, Exxon, BASF, Gulf,
and Texaco.
CEOs and senior officers
is President,
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of
The Dow Chemical Company, a global
technology company focused on developing
innovative solutions at the intersections of
the physical, materials, polymer and
biological sciences with 2013 annual sales of
more than $57 billion
Andrew N. Liveris
____ attended the University of
Queensland in Brisbane, graduating with a
bachelor’s degree (first-class honors) in
Andrew Liveris
General manager, petron corporation
Engr. Lubin B. Nepomuceno
Visual information is the ________ and is least likely to be misinterpreted. For these reasons, it is _____ that chemical engineers be able to formulate appropriate process diagrams and be skilled in analyzing and interpreting diagrams prepared by others.
- Clearest way to present mterial
- Essential
This diagram consisted of a
series of blocksrepresenting
different equipment or
unit operations that were
connected by input and output
streams.
Block flow diagram
shows the steps involved in
the manufacture of a certain product
PFD
Process flow diagram (PFD) or Process Flowsheet shows the steps involved in
the manufacture of a certain product and contains:
Major piece of equipment
Process flow streams
Utility streams
Control loops
also known as mechanical
flow diagram (MFD), provides information needed by engineers to begin
planning for the construction of the plant.
The P&ID includes every mechanical aspect of the plant except the
information given below:
The piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID),
Composed of fatty acids with higher melting point
Fats
Composed of fatty acids with lower melting point
Oils
The hydrocarbon chain contains 1 or more double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids
in analytical
chemistry, measure of the
degree of unsaturation of an
oil, fat, or wax; the amount of
iodine, in grams, that is taken
up by 100 grams of the oil, fat,
or wax.
Iodine number
fresh oils
have a peroxide value of <10
mEq/Kg while peroxide values
in the 30-40 mEq/Kg range
are generally associated with
a rancid taste. Peroxide
Value is used to determine the
rancidity of a sample
containing fat or oil subject to
oxidation.
Peroxide value
the
number of milligrams of
potassium hydroxide required
to neutralize the fatty
acids resulting from the
complete hydrolysis of 1g of
fat
Saponifacation value
Vegetable Oil Processing
Step 1. Crude vegetable oil - Refining
Step 2. RBD oil - Modification
Step 3. Margarine and Shortening
Vegetable Oil Processing
Step 1. Crude vegetable oil - Refining
Step 2. RBD oil - Modification
Step 3. Margarine and Shortening
Color bodies in the oil are adsorbed on the surface of the bleaching clay and activated carbon particles
Bleaching
Color bodies in the oil are adsorbed on the surface of the bleaching clay and activated carbon particles
Bleaching
Activated carbon bleaching clay, bleaching earth
Chlorophyll
Is a means of converting liquid oils to semisolid fats suitable for migraine, shortening, heavy-duty frying fats, and other specialty products
Hydrogenation
Trans suppression in hydrogenated soybean oil was observed
At lower temperature, higher pressure, and higher catalyst concentrations
Patent on the product was granted to unilever in 1961
Hardened fats without trans isomers
Soap making process
Preparation of raw materials, saponification, addition of other ingredients, moulding of soap, packaging
When the alkali is sodium hydroxide, a sodium soap is formed.
Sodium soaps are “hard” soaps. When the alkali is potassium
hydroxide, a potassium soap is formed.
Tryglycerides alkali solution
When the alkali is sodium hydroxide, a sodium soap is formed.
Sodium soaps are “hard” soaps. When the alkali is potassium
hydroxide, a potassium soap is formed.
Tryglycerides alkali solution
Are the raw materials for the production of soap
Triglycerides
Are the principal fatty materials in making soap
Tallow and coconut oil
has long been important in soap making.
The soap from coconut oil is firm and lathers well. It
contains large amount of the desired glycerides of
lauric and myristic acids
Coconut oil
has long been important in soap making.
The soap from coconut oil is firm and lathers well. It
contains large amount of the desired glycerides of
lauric and myristic acids
Coconut oil
used in the soap manufacture in many other parts of
the world.
The palm oils, palm kernel oil, and their derivatives
Compositional differences in the oils and fats give
rise to their significantly different physical properties
and those of the resulting fatty acids and soaps.
Raw material of soap
which controls lather and
(2) the amount of unsaturated chain lengths, which
due to their high water solubility can improve
speed of lather generation but can also negatively
affect bar economy if they are present at too high
levels
Lauric oil content
are inorganic chemicals added to the soap.
In particular, tetrasodium pyrophosphate and sodium
tripolyphosphate were usually effective soap builders
Builders
In the past, consumers’ bathing habits were such
(eg, once-a-week baths) that simple lye soaps were
acceptable.
Bar soap additives
various opacifiers (titanium
dioxide), fluorescers and dyes, chelants and
antioxidants
Minor ingredients
improve mildness ex. oatmeal, dextrin,
starch, wax, and talc
Inert material
trichlorocarbanalide or TCC
(Triclocarban) and trichlorohydroxydiphenyl ether or
TCS (Triclosan)
Antimicrobial agents
