LQ3 CEMENT PPT Flashcards
A binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, ad adheres to other materials to bind them together.
Cement
is made up of four main compounds:
tricalcium silicate (3CaO · SiO2), dicalcium silicate
(2CaO · SiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO · Al2O3),
and a tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (4CaO ·
Al2O3Fe2O3).
Cement
The first fired clay bricks were developed in the so-called ______.
Fertile crescent
The ancient ______ mixed burnt lime and volcanic ash, today called ‘pozzolana’
Phoenicians
The______developed advanced masonry techniques, enabling them to construct grand buildings with heavy foundations
Roman civilization
John smeaton contributed to cement advancements by discovering the hydraulic properties of lime.
Industrial revolution
British bricklayer joseph aspdin created a precursor to modern cement by heating limestone and clay until calcined, then grinding and mixing it with water
1820s
Addition of additives such as calcium aluminate and rosendale for resistance and durability of cement
Present
The economic footprint of the cement industry combined with construction projects made viable by affordable and reliable cement supplies, accounts for millions of jobs and economic growth
Global and economic impact
The cement sector is the third largest industrial source of pollution, emitting more than 500,000 tons per year of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and carbon monoxide
Global and Economic Impact
The _________ market is witnessing significant transformation due to strong economic growth and recovery from the COVID19 pandemic. As per Philippine Statistics Authority, 38,263 constructions based on authorized building permits were recorded in the last quarter of 2021, representing an increase of 5.7 percent annually. The cement industry in Philippines is expected to grow by 3.2% on an annual basis to reach US$ 6.03 billion in 2024.
Cement industry in the Philippines
What are the philippine cement companies
- Eagle cement
- Holcim
- Republic Cement
- Cemex
Owned by the San Miguel
Corporation. _____
has the largest integrated
plant with two kiln lines
and 5.1Mt/yr of capacity
Eagle cement
_____ Philippines
operates four plants have
an annual capacity of 5.2
million metric tons of
clinker and 9.4 million
metric tons of cement
Holcim
Founded in 1955, the
________
has five plants and one
grinding station, boasting
a total cement capacity of
9.7 million tonnes per
annum.
Republic cement
Began operations in the
Philippines in 1997. The
company has plants all over
the country with an
installed annual capacity of
5.7 million tons.
Cemex Holdings Philippines
What are the raw materials for cement?
Limestone, clay, silica sand, iron oxide, marl, and kaolin
It is the thermal decomposition of limestone (CaCO₃) at temperatures above 850°C, releasing
carbon dioxide and leaving behind lime (CaO).
Calcination
What is the chemical reaction of calcination?
CaCO3 - > CaO + CO2
Lime reacts with silica, alumina, and iron oxides to form four major compounds such as
Dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite
is the reaction between cement and water that leads to the setting and hardening of concrete.
The calcium silicates react with water to form calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), and calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)₂)
Hydration
Raw materials like limestone, clay, and
other minerals are extracted from
open-pit mines using
drilling, blasting, and excavation.
Quarrying
Materials are stockpiled and blended
to ensure uniform chemical
composition before further
processing
Storage
After processing the raw materials and splitting
them into wet and dry processes, for dry
processes, they are fed into the jaw crusher, and
both cancerous and argillaceous materials are
crushed to typically 2 - 5 cm for the dry processes
and are crushed again into finer pieces. As for wet
processes, they are crushed into powder-like
substances before being washed in washing mills
to remove organic matter.
Crushing
