LQ3 CEMENT PPT Flashcards
A binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, ad adheres to other materials to bind them together.
Cement
is made up of four main compounds:
tricalcium silicate (3CaO · SiO2), dicalcium silicate
(2CaO · SiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO · Al2O3),
and a tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (4CaO ·
Al2O3Fe2O3).
Cement
The first fired clay bricks were developed in the so-called ______.
Fertile crescent
The ancient ______ mixed burnt lime and volcanic ash, today called ‘pozzolana’
Phoenicians
The______developed advanced masonry techniques, enabling them to construct grand buildings with heavy foundations
Roman civilization
John smeaton contributed to cement advancements by discovering the hydraulic properties of lime.
Industrial revolution
British bricklayer joseph aspdin created a precursor to modern cement by heating limestone and clay until calcined, then grinding and mixing it with water
1820s
Addition of additives such as calcium aluminate and rosendale for resistance and durability of cement
Present
The economic footprint of the cement industry combined with construction projects made viable by affordable and reliable cement supplies, accounts for millions of jobs and economic growth
Global and economic impact
The cement sector is the third largest industrial source of pollution, emitting more than 500,000 tons per year of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and carbon monoxide
Global and Economic Impact
The _________ market is witnessing significant transformation due to strong economic growth and recovery from the COVID19 pandemic. As per Philippine Statistics Authority, 38,263 constructions based on authorized building permits were recorded in the last quarter of 2021, representing an increase of 5.7 percent annually. The cement industry in Philippines is expected to grow by 3.2% on an annual basis to reach US$ 6.03 billion in 2024.
Cement industry in the Philippines
What are the philippine cement companies
- Eagle cement
- Holcim
- Republic Cement
- Cemex
Owned by the San Miguel
Corporation. _____
has the largest integrated
plant with two kiln lines
and 5.1Mt/yr of capacity
Eagle cement
_____ Philippines
operates four plants have
an annual capacity of 5.2
million metric tons of
clinker and 9.4 million
metric tons of cement
Holcim
Founded in 1955, the
________
has five plants and one
grinding station, boasting
a total cement capacity of
9.7 million tonnes per
annum.
Republic cement
Began operations in the
Philippines in 1997. The
company has plants all over
the country with an
installed annual capacity of
5.7 million tons.
Cemex Holdings Philippines
What are the raw materials for cement?
Limestone, clay, silica sand, iron oxide, marl, and kaolin
It is the thermal decomposition of limestone (CaCO₃) at temperatures above 850°C, releasing
carbon dioxide and leaving behind lime (CaO).
Calcination
What is the chemical reaction of calcination?
CaCO3 - > CaO + CO2
Lime reacts with silica, alumina, and iron oxides to form four major compounds such as
Dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite
is the reaction between cement and water that leads to the setting and hardening of concrete.
The calcium silicates react with water to form calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), and calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)₂)
Hydration
Raw materials like limestone, clay, and
other minerals are extracted from
open-pit mines using
drilling, blasting, and excavation.
Quarrying
Materials are stockpiled and blended
to ensure uniform chemical
composition before further
processing
Storage
After processing the raw materials and splitting
them into wet and dry processes, for dry
processes, they are fed into the jaw crusher, and
both cancerous and argillaceous materials are
crushed to typically 2 - 5 cm for the dry processes
and are crushed again into finer pieces. As for wet
processes, they are crushed into powder-like
substances before being washed in washing mills
to remove organic matter.
Crushing
The fine pieces from the dry process are mixed to
specific proportions and stored in silos while the
powder-like substance in the wet process is mixed
with water to form slurry
Mixing
Occurring in the preheater and the calciner, the
raw materials from both processes are heated. This
stage is where limestone decomposes into both
lime and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is driven
off from limestone and magnesium carbonate to
form Free lime and Magnesia. The free lime and
magnesia is formed as small lumps called nodules.
Calcination
The _____ rotates continuously
in order to spread heat uniformly. It
facilitates clinker formation
through a series of reactions,
including the fusion of lime with
silica, alumina, and iron oxides.
Rotary Kiln
The molten clinker exiting the kiln is
rapidly _____ in order to stabilize
the structure. The clinkers sizes
vary from 5-10 mm.
Cooling
The clinker is milled with gypsum
and other additives to produce
cement powder. The gypsum helps
in controlling the setting time of
cement which prevents it from
hardening too quickly.
Grinding
determines the strength and
durability of the final concrete
product. water-to-cement
ratio, temperature, and curing
time influence hydration.
Grinding hydration reaction
The control of lime, silica,
alumina, and iron oxide
content ensures the
______ clinker.
Product Quality
_____ stabilizes desired
mineral phases, improving
strength and reducing energy
consumption in grinding. Slow
cooling can lead to the
formation of large crystals,
reducing cement performance.
Cooling Rate
The Clinker tends to hover
around 1400 - 1500°C. If the
the temperature is too low,
incomplete reactions occur,
and if it is too high, undesired
minerals phase through.
Kiln Temperature
the heart of cement production where the actual chemical
transformation of raw materials into clinker happens
Rotary Kiln Process
Reducing waste and improving efficiency
Optimize cement production
Essential for sustainability in an energy-
intensive industry
Minimize CO2 emissions
Keeping product quality consistent
Ensure process control
It is called the heart of cement production where the actual chemical transformation happens
Rotary Kiln
Which of the following is not a raw material in making cement?
Marble
Which of the following is not a raw material in
making cement?
A. Limestone
B. Marble
C. Iron Oxide
D. Clay
Marble
