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LQ3 Iron & Steel Flashcards

1
Q

Iron and steel started during

A

2000 BC (anatolia or modern-day turkiye)

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2
Q

High-carbon cast iron produced

A

206BC (China)

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3
Q

The first blast furnace was created

A

1st century (china)

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4
Q

The first blast furnace

A

11th century (europe)

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5
Q

Steel production was started

A

15th century

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6
Q

Coke substituted coal (1709)

A

1709

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7
Q

Steel became accessible

A

18th century

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8
Q

Steel alloy was created

A

18th to 19th century

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9
Q

Strong purified steel became accessible due to the bessemer process

A

1855

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10
Q

Steel production was amplified

A

20th century (WW1 & WW2)

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11
Q

Stainless steel was created

A

1912

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12
Q

Basic oxygen furnace was developed

A

1948

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13
Q

The philippines built its first steel manufacturing plant

A

1952

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14
Q

Once Asia’s largest steel mill

A

Iligan steel mill & NSC

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15
Q

Asia’s second steel mill

A

Iligan steel mill & NSC

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16
Q

Exported 40,000 metric tons of steel

A

NSC

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17
Q

The philippines is not a producer of crude steel

A

True

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18
Q
  1. Black or brownish sedimentary rock
  2. Carbon-rich
  3. Fuel source
A

Coal

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19
Q
  1. Naturally occuring mineral
  2. Iron oxides such as hematite (fe2o3) and magnetite (fe3o4)
  3. Smelted to produce metallic iron
20
Q
  1. White, beige sedimentary rock
  2. Mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
  3. Removes impurities from molten iron
21
Q

Good-quality coal, high-grade iron ore, and pure
limestone enhance steel production efficiency
Lower-grade raw materials require additional
processing, increasing production costs

22
Q

Mining, refining, and transporting significantly
influences overall iron and steel production
Plants located far from sources suffer from high
transportation costs

A

Transportation

23
Q

Government policies on emissions and mining
impact availability
Strict environmental laws increase operational
costs for pollution contro

A

Regulations

24
Q

Global demand for steel affects the prices of coal,
iron ore, and limestone
Market speculations or supply chain disruptions
lead to price volatility

A

Market demand

25
Q

What are the factors affecting raw materials of iron and steel

A

Quality, transportation, regulations, market demand

26
Q

Heating coal at elevated temperatures
(900 - 1400 ℃ ) in absence of oxygen
gas to produce coke
Coke - black, porous rock with high
carbon content (90 - 93 %) and
functions as reducing agent
Volatile substances such as hydrogen,
nitrogen, and tar are removed
Good-quality coke enhances efficiency
of blast furnace

27
Q

Coke reaction

A

Coal —> coke + coal gas + tar + ammonia solution

28
Q

Converting fine iron ore into larger,
porous lumps called sinter
Fused through heat and pressure
Better permeability, allowing
efficient gas flow inside blast furnace
for consistent production quality
Minimizes energy consumption and
raw material waste

29
Q

Specialized furnace to produce
quicklime (calcium oxide) by
heating limestone (calcium
carbonate) at elevated
temperatures (900 - 1100 ℃) which
removes carbon dioxide
Improves purity and strength of
final steel product
Essential for maintaining high-
quality steel production while
reducing impurities effectively

30
Q

Lime kiln reaction

A

CaCO3 + CAO + CO2 (Calcination)

31
Q

Large, tower-shaped structure that extracts
crude (pig) iron from iron ore by smelting
with coke and quicklime at various elevated
temperatures
Materials are charged from top and air is
blown through nozzles at bottom
Combusted coke produces carbon monoxide
which then reacts with iron ore to form
molten crude iron and carbon dioxide

A

Blast furnace

32
Q

Molten crude iron sinks to
bottom while flue (waste) gases
generated ascend upward
Limestone binds with
undesirable impurities to form
slag, waste material in iron and
steel production process
Crude iron and slag are removed
separately

A

Blast furnace

33
Q

Converts crude iron into crude steel
by

A

Blowing pure oxygen

34
Q

Oxygen reacts with carbon and
impurities, turning them into

A

Gases or slag which are expelled

35
Q
  1. Pouring molten crude steel into
    molds to shape into solid forms
  2. Continuous casting creates
    billets, blooms, and slabs
  3. Once cooled and solidified, it is
    cut into desired lengths and
    prepared for rolling
36
Q

Shaping solid steel by passing
through rollers that reduce
thickness

37
Q

Performed at elevated temperatures, it enhances steel’s ductility

A

Hot rolling

38
Q

Hot-rolled steel that has been cooled and rerolled at room temperature
It improves dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and strength

A

Cold rolling

39
Q

The percentage of carbon determines the steel’s strength,
hardness, and corrosion resistance.
Low-carbon steel (0.10-0.25% carbon content) is more ductile,
while high-carbon steel (0.75-1.50% carbon content) is harder
but more brittle.
Proper alloying enhances mechanical properties, such as
toughness and resistance to wear.
An overuse or imbalance of alloying elements can weaken steel
and cause defects.

A

Chemical composition and alloying elements

40
Q

An efficient blast furnace operations ensure better iron purity
before steelmaking.
The Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) must control oxygen levels to
remove excess carbon and impurities.
Poor refining leads to defects such as brittleness, inclusions, and
uneven hardness.
The precise control of cooling time, pressure, and temperature,
improves steel homogeneity.

A

Manufacturing and refining processes

41
Q

Flagship and largest steel producer in Philippines,
primarily manufacturing reinforcement bars (rebars)

A

SteelAsia Manufacturing Corporation

42
Q

Products are integral to various infrastructure
projects which all contribute significantly to national
development

A

SteelAsia Manufacturing Corporation

43
Q

Preferred supplier of biggest contractors and
property developers in country

A

Steel asia manufacturing corporation

44
Q

Commitment to modernizing its facilities and
technology ensures production of world-class-
quality steel that adheres to international standards

A

Steel asia manufacturing corporation

45
Q
  1. Renowed for producing galvanized
    iron sheets, commonly utilized in
    rooflng
  2. Trusted provider of durable and
    reliable steel products
  3. Adherence to quality standards
    ensures that its galvanzied sheets
    withstand Philippines’ tropical climate
  4. Contributes to protection and
    resilience of nation’s infrastructure
A

Puyat steel corporation

46
Q

What are the environmental concerns of steel

A
  1. Energy-intensive
  2. Acidification of soils and water
  3. 1.91 tonnes (1910 kg) of
    CO2 is produced for
    every (1000kg) Tonne of
    steel produced
  4. Release of greenhouse gases

PROCCHE (33 decks)

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