powerpoint chapter 2 Flashcards
three groups in the chrodates
cephalochordates
urochordates
vertebrates
why do chordates fossilize poorly
no hard substance to fossilize or leave behind
chordates have ..three things
a coelom
bilateral symmetry
deuterostomes
early chordates were found when
530 mya during the Cambrian Explosion
in development when the blastopore becomes the anus
deuterostome
in development when the blastopore becomes the mouth
protostome
At some point in their life all chordates have these 5 things
notochord pharyngeal slits endostyle or thyroid gland dorsal hollow nerve cord post anal tail
stiff flexing rod that is dorsal to the coelom/ventral to nerve cord
cells and fluid are in a fibrous sheath
notochord
“jelly” on the inside of the intervertebral disks is the only thing left of the notochord in vertebrates when adults
nucleus pulposus
post oral space in the digestive tract
pharynx
openings on sides of pharynx for feeding function
slits
groove in the pharynx floor which functions in filter feeding and found in cephalochrodates, urochordates and larval lamprey
endostyle
forms off the floor of the pharynx and produces 2 major hormones for metabolism and found in vertebrates and adult lamprey
thyroid gland
forms from embryonic ectoderm
dorsal hollow nerve cord
the fluid filled space of the dorsal hollow nerve cord
neurocoel
posterior extension of body beyond anus which is made of segmented muscle/bone and notochord
post anal tail
segmented blocks of muscle
myomeres
called “first” chordates but not a true taxon
protochordates
four general characteristics of connective tissue
not usually on surfaces
most have nerves
vascularization varies
all derive from mesenchyme of embryo
ground substance and fibers makes up the
matrix
functions of connective tissue
binding/support
protection
insulation
transport
immature cell and matrix forming
blast
mature cell and non secreting
cyte
fiber secreting cell
fibroblast
cartilage producing cell
chondroblast
bone,calcium secreting cell
osteoblast
three things found in the ground substance
interstitial fluid
adhesion proteins
proteoglycans
binds cells and matrix
adhesion proteins
protein and carbohydrate
proteoglycans
three types of fibers
collagen
elastic
reticular
strongest and most abundant fibers
collagen fibers
stretch and recoil fibers found in lungs and blood vessels
elastic fibers
branching networks of fibers found in soft organs such as the spleen
reticular fibers
loose and dense connective tissue
connective tissue proper
loosely packed fibers, with relatively many cells
loose connective tissue
all three types of fibers are present
most widely distributed type of connective tissue
well vascularized
binds tissues together
fluid reservoir, defense, nutrient storage
areolar connective tissue
what type of cells make areolar connective tissue
fibrocytes
little matrix
highly vascularized
in subcutaneous tissue for insulation and shock absorb
adipose tissue
what cells make adipose tissue
adipocytes
only one fiber found and fibroblasts are the cells found there.
reticular connective tissue
fibers densely packed with relatively few cells
dense connective tissue
collagen fibers in bundles bundles backed in the same direction high tensile strength poorly vascularized in tendons and ligaments
dense regular
collagen bundles arranged in different planes
strength in multiple directions
in the dermis under the skin
dense irregular
contains collagen and elastic fibers
some recoil and stretch, but strong
in walls of large blood vessels
elastic connective tissue
6 characteristics of cartilage
strong but some flexibility avascular limited mitotic capacity not innervated GAGs in ground substance fluid in matrix
what is a GAG
glycosaminoglycan
little “tombs” that cells live in
lacunae
what are the three types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
most abundant form
amorphous matrix
perichondrium
hyaline cartilage
layer of stem cells that can produce more chondrocytes
perichondrium
where are some examples of hyaline cartilage
end of long bones, nose tip, trachea rings
elastic fibers in matrix
perichondrium
elastic cartilage
where are some examples of elastic cartilage
epiglottis
pinna of ear
collagen fibers in matrix
strongest
lacks perichondrium
fibrocartilage
where are some examples of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, knee menisci
high strength and supports the body
is well vascularized
bone
matrix of bone
collagen fibers and mineral salts
unusual connective tissue which transports lots of stuff
blood
what is considered the tissue in the blood
the blood cells and the plasma
