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Anatomy > chapter 7-skull > Flashcards

chapter 7-skull Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of the skeleton

A

give body shape
support body support
work with muscles for movement
protect soft parts

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2
Q

two large “divisions” of the skeleton

A

exoskeleton and endoskeleton

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3
Q

the real two divisions of the skeleton

A

cranial skeleton

postcranial skeleton

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4
Q

the three parts of the cranial skeleton

A

splanchnocranium
chondrocranium
dermatocranium

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5
Q

the most ancient part of the skeleton skull, supports the pharynx

A

splanchnocranium

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6
Q

what cells derive the splachnocranium

A

neural crest cells

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7
Q

underlies the brain, can be made of cartilage in some species, in others it has become bone

A

chondrocranium

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8
Q

outer skull casing

what we really think of when we think skull

A

dermatocranium

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9
Q

skull components surrounding/encasing the brain

can be 1,2,or all 3 parts

A

braincase

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10
Q

braincase and attached sensory capsules

A

neurocranium

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11
Q

how is the chondrocranium seen in elasmobranchs

A

makes up the majority of the braincase and remains as cartilage

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12
Q

how is the chondrocranium seen in other vertebrates

A

embryonic scaffold for parts of the neurocranium

meaning it becomes bone

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13
Q

4 things the splanchnocranium does

A

supports gills
supports buccal pump muscles
contributes to jaw
contributes to hyoid arch

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14
Q

what is believed to be the precursor for the splanchnocranium

A

protochordate pharyngeal bars

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15
Q

when organisms evolve to leave water where does the splanchnocranium go

A

middle ear, larynx, rings of trachea

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16
Q

what is the dermatocraniums origin

A

dermal bones

17
Q

how do dermal bones for min dermatocranium

A

intramembranous ossification

18
Q

in bony fishes and tetrapods the chondrocranium makes up the

A

occipital and sphenoid bones

otic capule

19
Q

the hyoid apparatus is part of the

A

splanchocranium

20
Q

what is the job of the hyoid arch

A

support floor of the mouth tongue and muscles of throat

21
Q

movement between the upper jaw and braincase

A

cranial kinesis

22
Q

two big advantages of a kinetic skull

A

allows change in size/shape of mouth quickly

allows orienting of toothed bones

23
Q

two elements supporting the jaws of chondrichthyes

A

hydromadiubla and ceratohyal

24
Q

jaws of actinopterygii moved to this mode of feeding

A

rapid suction feeding

25
Q

how did rapid suction feeding work

A

rapid expansion of the buccal cavity in all directions creating a negative pressure

26
Q

what increased area up and down during rapid suction feeding

A

neurocranium raised

mandible lowered

27
Q

what increased the area to widen the buccal cavity during rapid suction feeding

A

throat muscles and hyoid arch

28
Q

region in skull where we have olfactory centers

A

nasal capsule

29
Q

how are actinopterygii nasal passages arranged

A

anterior and posterior nares on each side of head for 1 way flow of water

30
Q

how are tetrapods nasal passages arranged

A

external naris opens to outside and internal naris into oral cavity to establish pattern for airflow into lungs

31
Q

what is the third nasal sac opening that drains secretions of glands the moisten the eye surface

A

nasolacrimal duct

32
Q

glands the moisten the eye surface

A

lacrimal glands

33
Q

what part of the skull loses jaw suspension function and adapts to hearing in air

A

hyomandiubla

34
Q

what bones are lost in early tetrapod skulls

A

opercular and extracapsular bones

35
Q

what important feature happens in early tetrapods that allows for a neck to be created

A

the pectoral girdle detaches from skull

36
Q

in amphibians brachial arches start doing this then end up doing this

A

support larval gills then reduce to hyoid apparatus to support tongue

Anatomy (18 decks)

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