Chapter 10- Muscles Flashcards
1
Q
5 major functions of the muscular system
A
move body/skeleton support body position move material in body produce heat produce electric fields
2
Q
how do muscles produce heat
A
activity or shivering
3
Q
use of electric fields for navigation
A
perturbations
4
Q
moves skeleton
A
somatic muscles
5
Q
internal organ activity
A
visceral muscles
6
Q
under conscious control
A
voluntary muscles
7
Q
not under conscious control
A
involuntary muscles
8
Q
three major classifications of muscle
A
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
9
Q
another name for skeletal muscle
A
striated muscle
10
Q
characteristics of skeletal muscles
A
long, wide diameter, tube-shape
multinucleated
peripheral nuclei
many mitochondria
11
Q
plasma membrane of muscle
A
sarcolemma
12
Q
cytoplasm of muscle
A
sarcoplasm
13
Q
invaginations of sarcolemma
A
T tubules
14
Q
oxygen storing pigments
A
myoglobin
15
Q
store glucose as fuel for muscles
A
glycogen granules
16
Q
longitudinal substructures of muscle cell
A
myofibrils
17
Q
the think and thin filaments of the sarcomere
A
myofilaments
18
Q
in a large muscles there are bundles of muscles cells called
A
fascicle
19
Q
characteristics of cardiac muscle
A
heart muscle
striated
short, mononucleated, branched
autorhythmic
20
Q
cell to cell junctions between cardiac cells
A
intercalated discs
21
Q
characteristics of smooth muscle
A
walls of hollow vessels, tubes, organs nonstriated slower sustained contractions mononucleated spindle shaped
22
Q
cell to cell junctions between smooth muscle
A
syncitia
23
Q
three layers of connective tissue from outer to inner
A
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
24
Q
outermost layer, dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds the whole muscle
A
epimysium
25
surrounds fascicles within muscles
perimysium
26
surrounds individual muscle cells
endomysium
27
three jobs of the connective tissues around muscle
lend support and elasticity to muscle
house blood vessels and nerves
extend beyond muscle fibers to form tendons
28
attachment site at movable bone
insertion
29
attachment site at immovable or less movable bone
origin
30
cord like attachment to bone/cartilage
tendon
31
thin, flat tendons
aponeuroses
32
three characteristics of tendons
transmit forces developed by muscles over distance
focus forces at precise location
metabolically inactive and low vascularization
33
relaxed, resting state
unstimulated muscle
34
active state
stimulated muscle
35
mass to be moved by contraction
load
36
molecular interactions of think and thin filaments of sarcomeres
sliding filament model
37
response of a fiber to single stimulation event
twitch
38
fatigue resistant , slower twitch fibers
red fibers
39
fatigue, faster twitch fibers
white fibers
40
slow contracting, low force producing sustained contractions
tonic fibers
41
faster contracting
twitch fibers
42
for more endurance activities
slow oxidative fibers
43
characteristics of slow oxidative fibers
```
slow contraction
high myoglobin
red in color
many mitochondria
aerobic
low glycogen
fatigue resistant
capillary rich
```
44
characteristics of fast oxidative fibers
```
fast contraction
high myoglobin
pink in color
many mitochondria
aerobic
some glycogen
moderately fatigable
capillary rich
```
45
characteristics of fast glycolytic fibers
```
fast contraction
low myoglobin
white in color
few mitochondria
anaerobic
high glycogen
fatigable
few capillaries
```
46
specialized region of the sarcolemma
| at the synapse with the motor neuron
motor end plate of skeletal muscle
47
specialized region for cell to cell communication
synapse
48
physical space between communicating cells at a synapse
synaptic cleft
49
chemical signal between communicating cells
neurotransmitter
50
one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
motor unit
51
full contraction of all fibers in that motor unit
all or none response
52
force required to stretch muscle
passive tension
53
force produced due to sliding filaments
active tension
54
a muscle has a _____ at which greatest tension is produced
optimum length
55
how can a whole muscle produced graded tension response
stimulus rate modulation (increased frequency of stimuli)
recruit more muscle fibers to respond
force muscle develops
fiber orientation impacts force generated by muscle
muscle length impacts tension responses
56
muscles with small motor units...
stimulate a few motor units
57
muscles with large motor units
stimulate large gross movements
58
the larger the cross sectional area of a muscle...
the more force it can develop
59
all fibers align along line of tension
parallel muscle
60
fibers aligned oblique to line of tension
pinnate muscle
61
best at moving light load long distance
parallel
62
best at moving heavy load short distance
pinnate
63
functional grouping of muscles bones joints and attachments
lever system
64
attachments to insertion proximal
fast motion of insertion bone
65
attachment of insertion distal
strong motion of insertion
66
muscles that act together to produce motion in the same direction
synergists
67
muscles that produce opposite motions
antagonists
68
4 ways to determine muscle homologies
attachment similarities
functional similarities
embryonic origin
innervation
69
gives rise to most skeletal muscles, along side the notochord along body long axis
paraxial mesoderm
70
at trunk segmental arrangements called
somites
71
somites make
body muscles
72
at head cluster called
somitomeres
73
somitomeres make
head/pharynx muscles
74
somites expand and give rise to
myotomes
75
sheet of connective tissue along body wall
horizontal septum
76
dorsal of horizontal septum
epaxial musculature
77
ventral of horizontal septum
hypaxial musculature
78
form from trunk somites/myotomes
| migrate anterior and ventrally into throat
hypobranchial muscles
79
hypobranchial muscles are innervated by
spinal nerves
80
develop from somitomeres
branchiomeric muscles
81
branchiomeric muscles are innervated by
cranial nerves
82
extrinsic eye muscles how many
six
83
which ones derive from most anterior somitomere
superior rectus
interior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique
84
derive from second somitomere
superior oblique
85
derive from third somitomere
lateral rectus
86
four characteristics of zig-zag blocks of muscle
bulk of fish body muscle
short fibers
contractions alternate side to side
anteriorly attaché to skull and pectoral girdle
87
salamander musculature
axial muscles still prominent
88
frog musculature
salutatory locomotion
reduced axial muscles
enhanced appendicular
89
reptile musculature
horizontal septum reduced/lost
reduced epaxial muscles
limbs more prominent for locomotion
90
snake musculature
axial muscles are prominent
91
fish musculature
dorsal fin elevators
ventral fin depressors
axial skeleton dominates in size
92
tetrapod musculature
enhanced appendicular muscles
93
attachment of the hind limbs
pelvic girdle directly attaches to vertebral column at sacrum
94
attachment of fore limbs
pectoral girdle suspended by "muscle sling" off vertebral column
95
what are the biggest benefits to cursorial locomotion
muscles are located more proximal to the trunk of the body
long tendons to transmit muscle force
reduction in the weight of the limb for quicker movement
allow for greatest pendulum movement of legs when running
96
sides of the gill arches
innervated by cranial nerves
form from somitomeres
branchiomeric muscles
97
in sharks there is the ___ to close the jaw
| in mammals there are the ___ and ___ to close the jaw
adductor mandibulae
| masseter and temporalis
98
floor of pharynx and throat
from cervical somites
innervated by spinal nerves
hypobranchial muscles
