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Anatomy > Chapter 10- Muscles > Flashcards

Chapter 10- Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

5 major functions of the muscular system

A 
move body/skeleton
support body position
move material in body 
produce heat
produce electric fields
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2
Q

how do muscles produce heat

A

activity or shivering

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3
Q

use of electric fields for navigation

A

perturbations

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4
Q

moves skeleton

A

somatic muscles

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5
Q

internal organ activity

A

visceral muscles

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6
Q

under conscious control

A

voluntary muscles

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7
Q

not under conscious control

A

involuntary muscles

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8
Q

three major classifications of muscle

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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9
Q

another name for skeletal muscle

A

striated muscle

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10
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscles

A

long, wide diameter, tube-shape
multinucleated
peripheral nuclei
many mitochondria

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11
Q

plasma membrane of muscle

A

sarcolemma

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12
Q

cytoplasm of muscle

A

sarcoplasm

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13
Q

invaginations of sarcolemma

A

T tubules

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14
Q

oxygen storing pigments

A

myoglobin

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15
Q

store glucose as fuel for muscles

A

glycogen granules

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16
Q

longitudinal substructures of muscle cell

A

myofibrils

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17
Q

the think and thin filaments of the sarcomere

A

myofilaments

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18
Q

in a large muscles there are bundles of muscles cells called

A

fascicle

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19
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

heart muscle
striated
short, mononucleated, branched
autorhythmic

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20
Q

cell to cell junctions between cardiac cells

A

intercalated discs

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21
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle

A 
walls of hollow vessels, tubes, organs
nonstriated 
slower sustained contractions
mononucleated 
spindle shaped
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22
Q

cell to cell junctions between smooth muscle

A

syncitia

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23
Q

three layers of connective tissue from outer to inner

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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24
Q

outermost layer, dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds the whole muscle

A

epimysium

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25
Q

surrounds fascicles within muscles

A

perimysium

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26
Q

surrounds individual muscle cells

A

endomysium

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27
Q

three jobs of the connective tissues around muscle

A

lend support and elasticity to muscle
house blood vessels and nerves
extend beyond muscle fibers to form tendons

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28
Q

attachment site at movable bone

A

insertion

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29
Q

attachment site at immovable or less movable bone

A

origin

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30
Q

cord like attachment to bone/cartilage

A

tendon

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31
Q

thin, flat tendons

A

aponeuroses

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32
Q

three characteristics of tendons

A

transmit forces developed by muscles over distance
focus forces at precise location
metabolically inactive and low vascularization

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33
Q

relaxed, resting state

A

unstimulated muscle

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34
Q

active state

A

stimulated muscle

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35
Q

mass to be moved by contraction

A

load

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36
Q

molecular interactions of think and thin filaments of sarcomeres

A

sliding filament model

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37
Q

response of a fiber to single stimulation event

A

twitch

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38
Q

fatigue resistant , slower twitch fibers

A

red fibers

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39
Q

fatigue, faster twitch fibers

A

white fibers

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40
Q

slow contracting, low force producing sustained contractions

A

tonic fibers

41
Q

faster contracting

A

twitch fibers

42
Q

for more endurance activities

A

slow oxidative fibers

43
Q

characteristics of slow oxidative fibers

A 
slow contraction
high myoglobin
red in color
many mitochondria
aerobic
low glycogen
fatigue resistant 
capillary rich
44
Q

characteristics of fast oxidative fibers

A 
fast contraction
high myoglobin
pink in color
many mitochondria
aerobic
some glycogen
moderately fatigable
capillary rich
45
Q

characteristics of fast glycolytic fibers

A 
fast contraction
low myoglobin
white in color
few mitochondria
anaerobic
high glycogen
fatigable 
few capillaries
46
Q

specialized region of the sarcolemma

at the synapse with the motor neuron

A

motor end plate of skeletal muscle

47
Q

specialized region for cell to cell communication

A

synapse

48
Q

physical space between communicating cells at a synapse

A

synaptic cleft

49
Q

chemical signal between communicating cells

A

neurotransmitter

50
Q

one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

51
Q

full contraction of all fibers in that motor unit

A

all or none response

52
Q

force required to stretch muscle

A

passive tension

53
Q

force produced due to sliding filaments

A

active tension

54
Q

a muscle has a _____ at which greatest tension is produced

A

optimum length

55
Q

how can a whole muscle produced graded tension response

A

stimulus rate modulation (increased frequency of stimuli)
recruit more muscle fibers to respond
force muscle develops
fiber orientation impacts force generated by muscle
muscle length impacts tension responses

56
Q

muscles with small motor units…

A

stimulate a few motor units

57
Q

muscles with large motor units

A

stimulate large gross movements

58
Q

the larger the cross sectional area of a muscle…

A

the more force it can develop

59
Q

all fibers align along line of tension

A

parallel muscle

60
Q

fibers aligned oblique to line of tension

A

pinnate muscle

61
Q

best at moving light load long distance

A

parallel

62
Q

best at moving heavy load short distance

A

pinnate

63
Q

functional grouping of muscles bones joints and attachments

A

lever system

64
Q

attachments to insertion proximal

A

fast motion of insertion bone

65
Q

attachment of insertion distal

A

strong motion of insertion

66
Q

muscles that act together to produce motion in the same direction

A

synergists

67
Q

muscles that produce opposite motions

A

antagonists

68
Q

4 ways to determine muscle homologies

A

attachment similarities
functional similarities
embryonic origin
innervation

69
Q

gives rise to most skeletal muscles, along side the notochord along body long axis

A

paraxial mesoderm

70
Q

at trunk segmental arrangements called

A

somites

71
Q

somites make

A

body muscles

72
Q

at head cluster called

A

somitomeres

73
Q

somitomeres make

A

head/pharynx muscles

74
Q

somites expand and give rise to

A

myotomes

75
Q

sheet of connective tissue along body wall

A

horizontal septum

76
Q

dorsal of horizontal septum

A

epaxial musculature

77
Q

ventral of horizontal septum

A

hypaxial musculature

78
Q

form from trunk somites/myotomes

migrate anterior and ventrally into throat

A

hypobranchial muscles

79
Q

hypobranchial muscles are innervated by

A

spinal nerves

80
Q

develop from somitomeres

A

branchiomeric muscles

81
Q

branchiomeric muscles are innervated by

A

cranial nerves

82
Q

extrinsic eye muscles how many

A

six

83
Q

which ones derive from most anterior somitomere

A

superior rectus
interior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique

84
Q

derive from second somitomere

A

superior oblique

85
Q

derive from third somitomere

A

lateral rectus

86
Q

four characteristics of zig-zag blocks of muscle

A

bulk of fish body muscle
short fibers
contractions alternate side to side
anteriorly attaché to skull and pectoral girdle

87
Q

salamander musculature

A

axial muscles still prominent

88
Q

frog musculature

A

salutatory locomotion
reduced axial muscles
enhanced appendicular

89
Q

reptile musculature

A

horizontal septum reduced/lost
reduced epaxial muscles
limbs more prominent for locomotion

90
Q

snake musculature

A

axial muscles are prominent

91
Q

fish musculature

A

dorsal fin elevators
ventral fin depressors
axial skeleton dominates in size

92
Q

tetrapod musculature

A

enhanced appendicular muscles

93
Q

attachment of the hind limbs

A

pelvic girdle directly attaches to vertebral column at sacrum

94
Q

attachment of fore limbs

A

pectoral girdle suspended by “muscle sling” off vertebral column

95
Q

what are the biggest benefits to cursorial locomotion

A

muscles are located more proximal to the trunk of the body
long tendons to transmit muscle force
reduction in the weight of the limb for quicker movement
allow for greatest pendulum movement of legs when running

96
Q

sides of the gill arches
innervated by cranial nerves
form from somitomeres

A

branchiomeric muscles

97
Q

in sharks there is the ___ to close the jaw

in mammals there are the ___ and ___ to close the jaw

A

adductor mandibulae

masseter and temporalis

98
Q

floor of pharynx and throat
from cervical somites
innervated by spinal nerves

A

hypobranchial muscles

Anatomy (18 decks)

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