Chapter 3

Question 1

2 things that distinguishes vertebrates from other chordates

Answer 1

vertebral column

cranium

Question 2

made of bone or cartilage
intervertebral discs
centrum+ dorsal neural arch + ventral hemal arch

Answer 2

vertebral column

Question 3

dorsal neural arch makes the

Answer 3

spinal cord

Question 4

ventral hemal arch makes the

Answer 4

blood vessels

Question 5

skull also called

Answer 5

cranium

Question 6

another name for vertebrates

Answer 6

craniates

Question 7

bone cartilage structure supporting sense organs, encasing brain

Answer 7

cranium

Question 8

clustering of specialized sense organs in anterior

Answer 8

chephalization

Question 9

the sensory organs, parts of skull, and some teeth are developed from

Answer 9

neural crest cells and ectodermal placodes

Question 10

in vertebrates the shift is from what to what for feeding

Answer 10

ciliary pump to muscular pump

Question 11

when two bones or scales or objects come together

Answer 11

articulation

Question 12

folded gas exchange surfaces on pharyngeal bars

Answer 12

gills

Question 13

what does the muscular pump promote

Answer 13

an active lifestyle and more innovations

Question 14

jawless fish

Answer 14

agnaths

Question 15

jawed fish

Answer 15

gnathostomes

Question 16

what evolves into the jaw

Answer 16

anterior pharyngeal bars

Question 17

vertebrates with amnion

Answer 17

amniotes

Question 18

sac life fluid filled membrane encasing the embryo

Answer 18

amnion

Question 19

what animals are amniotes

Answer 19

reptiles
birds
mammals

Question 20

which animals are anamniotes

Answer 20

fishes

amphibians

Question 21

living examples of agnaths

Answer 21

hagfish

lamprey

Question 22

circle opening/mouth

Answer 22

cyclostome

Question 23

how do hagfish eat

Answer 23

teeth on a muscular tongue for rasping

Question 24

what is a hagfishes main defense

Answer 24

slime

Question 25

four examples of ancient fossil agnaths

Answer 25

Haikouella Haikouicthys Conodonts Ostracoderms

Question 26

first fossil evidence of gnathostomes

Answer 26

late Silurian during Devonian radiation

Question 27

5 things early jawed fish had

Answer 27

``` paired nostrils 5 gill slits gill arches 2 sets of paired fins 3 semicircular ducts ```

Question 28

dorsal segment of jaw

Answer 28

palatoquadrate carlilage

Question 29

end of dorsal segment jaw

Answer 29

quadrate bone

Question 30

ventral segment of jaw

Answer 30

mandibular or Meckel's cartilage

Question 31

end of ventral segment

Answer 31

articular bone

Question 32

two bones that form the jaw joint

Answer 32

quadrate and articular bones

Question 33

second gill arch

Answer 33

hyoid arch

Question 34

what does the hyoid arch do

Answer 34

supports the mandibular arch on cranium

Question 35

primitive gnathostomes

Answer 35

elasmobranchiomorphs

Question 36

cartilaginous fishes

Answer 36

chondrichthyes

Question 37

4 characteristics of cartilaginous fish

Answer 37

cartilage skeleton no body dermal plates placoid scales internal fertilization

Question 38

laying eggs

Answer 38

oviparity

Question 39

eggs retained internally leading to live birth

Answer 39

ovoviviparity

Question 40

non-egg internal nutrient support leading to live birth

Answer 40

viviparity

Question 41

electroreceptor organs

Answer 41

ampullary organs

Question 42

bony fishes

Answer 42

ostiechthys

Question 43

ray finned fishes

Answer 43

actinopterygii

Question 44

what types of scales did actinopterygii have

Answer 44

ganoid scales

Question 45

means "new fin"

Answer 45

neopterygii

Question 46

flesh finned or lobed fin fishes

Answer 46

sarcoptergyii

Question 47

two large groups of extant sarcoptergyii

Answer 47

ceolocanths | rhipidistia

Question 48

lungfish

Answer 48

dipnomorpha

Question 49

fossil organism that was discovered recently and seems to be a transitional species from fish to amphibean

Answer 49

tiktaalik

Question 50

terrestrial vertebrates

Answer 50

tetrapods

Question 51

dorsal articulation processes of vertebrae that support body weight

Answer 51

zygapophyses

Question 52

opening between nasal cavity and pharynx

Answer 52

choana

Question 53

early tetrapods had these 5 characteristics

Answer 53

``` mixed aquatic/terrestrial forms 6-8 digits choana and lungs, and gills lateral line fin along tail ```

Question 54

having 5 digits

Answer 54

pentadactyl

Question 55

these have less than 4 digits

Answer 55

amphibia

Question 56

ear adapted for hearing in air

Answer 56

temnosponyla

Question 57

caecilians, salamanders, and frogs

Answer 57

lissamphibia

Question 58

self contained egg

Answer 58

cleidoic