Chapter 12- circulatory Flashcards
functions of circulatory system (6)
transport gasses heat transport fuel transport transport signals (hormones) transport waste to kidneys immune cell/ chemical transport/ residence
three systems that make up circulatory system
blood and lymph and cardiovascular systems
two components of blood
plasma and formed elements
red blood cells are also called
erythrocytes
characteristics of red blood cells
mature cells lack nucleus
contain hemoglobin
small
life circulation for humans 120 days
three main types of blood vessels
arteries
veins
capillaries
carry blood away from heart
arteries
carry blood toward heart
veins
between arteries and veins, microscopic diameter
capillaries
three layers to arteries and veins walls
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
inner layer made of endothelium and elastic membrane
tunica intima
outside and made of fiberous connective tissue
tunica adventitia
two characteristics of capillaries
thin walled
lack tunica media and tunica adventitia
groups of capillaries feeding one region of tissue
capillary beds
large arteries have _____in tunica media
more elastic fibers
feed blood into tissues and are sites of vasoconstriction/dilation
arterioles
patterns of pressure and flow of circulating blood
hemodynamics
heart ventricles contract
systolic pressure
heart ventricles relax
diastolic pressure
biggest blood pressure problem
when pressure approaches 0 in veins
characteristics of veins
return blood to heart
hold up to 70% of blood at any given time
low pressure adaptations of veins to assist return to heart
1 way valves
skeletal muscular pump
supports cell metabolism
microcirculation
capillary bed flow is controlled by
smooth muscle
smooth muscle valves at entrance of beds
pre-capillary sphincter
by-pass vessels to reduce/avoid blood flow to an area
shunts
adjustments to microcirculation
deal with pressure fluctuations
heat distributions
metabolic demand
fishes have this type of circulation
single circulation
flow of single circulation
heart to gills to tissues to heart
amniotes have this type of circulation
double circulation
flow of double circulation
heart to lungs to heart to tissues to heart
two circuits in double circulation
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
organisms with intermediate circulation
lungfishes, amphibeans, reptiles
chambers of fish heart in order
sinus venosus to atrium to ventricle to bulbus arteriosus
spongy walls of myocardium which allows for direct gas exchange of cells
trabeculae
arteries capillaries and veins that serve the cardiac muscle cells
coronary circulation
epithelial membrane enclosing heart
pericardium
explain the aspiration effect
rigid pericardial cavity so when ventricle contracts there is a decrease in volume of ventricle which decreases pressure in cavity the blood then flows into atrium and sinus venosus when they expand
birds and mammals have
4 chambered heart and 2 parallel circuits
explain lamprey heart
sinus venosus to atrium to ventricle to bulbous arteriosus
innervated heart
semilunar valve in bulbous arteriosus
explain condrichthyans and bony fish heart
sinus venosus to atrium to ventricle to conus arteriosus
innervated heart
what is the job of the bulbous
to dampen sharp pressure changes to protect delicate gill blood spaces
bony fish heart cycle
ventricles contract
reduces volume in rigid pericardial cavity
sinus venosus and atrium relaxed
AV valve closes
negative pressure in cavity expands SV and atrium
atrium constracts
SA valve closes AV valve opens
blood moves to ventricle
ventricle contracts
blood to bulbous arteriosus and aortic arches
explain lungfish heart
single atrium that is partially divided
AV plug
partially divided single ventricle
spiral valve in conus arteriosus
what partially divides ventricle in lungfish
interventricular septum
in lungfish the arches 2,5,6
are with gills
in lungfish the arches 3 and 4
without gills
purpose of partially divided atrium and ventricle
maintain separation of oxygenated vs de-oxygenated blood
why have separation of oxygenated vs de-oxygenated blood
avoid mixing
avoid loss of oxygen in blood to water at gills
explain amphibian heart
sinus venosus to atrium with partial separation to ventricle with no division to conus arteriosus with spiral valve
three combinations of respiration in amphibians
cutaneous respiration is significant
gills in larvae
lungs in many adult forms
explain frog heart
single ventricle to conus arteriosus to spiral valve to either the systemic or pulmocutaneous aortic arches
in frogs channels blood into pulmonary and systemic flows
traebecular
frog underwater…
sphincter at base of pulmonary artery closes
increase flow to skin
some cutaneous respiration, non at lungs
differences between more active lifestyle of reptiles
higher metabolic demand
higher blood pressure
more cardiac output
more efficient separation of blood
explain turtle and lizard heart
reduced sinus venousus
completely divided atria
well developed AV valves
embryonic conus arteriosus develops into pulmonary trunk
ventricle is one chamber with three compartments
three compartments of turtle and lizard ventricle
cavum vanosum
cavum pulmonae
cavum arteriosum
turtle heart cycle
deoxy blood from tissues to sinus venosus to right atrium to cavum vanosum to cavbum pulmonale to pulmonary artery to lungs then oxy blood to left atrium to cavum arterisum to interventricular canal to cavum venosum to systemic trunk
when turtle dives
blood to cavum venosum systemic trunk shunted by resistance to flow sphincter in pulmonary artery closes increased resistance to pulmonary artery flow flow move through systemic trunk
explain crocodilian heart
complete division in atria complete division of ventricles pulmonary trunk off right ventricle left systemic arch off right ventricle right systemic arch off left ventricle foramen of panizza
connection between right and left systemic/aortic arches
foramen of panizza
when crocodile breathes air
deoxy blood on right side to pulmonary to lungs
oxy blood to left side to systemic system
when crocodile dives
right to left cardiac shunt
instead of right ventricle going to pulmonary system it will reenter the systemic system by left systemic artery
in bird
sinus venosus reduced
in mammals
sinus venosus is reduced to sinoatrial node
cluster of autorhythmic cells in wall of right atrium
SA node
in birds and mammals conus arteriosus is
embryonic only
conus arteriosus becomes
pulmonary trunk and single aorta
similarities in bird and mammal hearts
right side is pulmonary
left side is systemic
no cardiac shunting
reduced heart rate
bradycardia
