Chapter 9- appendicular skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

paired fins/limbs and girdles attaching appendages to axial skeleton

A

appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

two girdles

A

pectoral and pelvic

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3
Q

membranous or webbed processes reinforced by internal fin rays

A

fins

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4
Q

elasmobranch rays are made of

A

ceratotrichia which are keratinized rods

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5
Q

bony fish rays are made of

A

lepidotrichia which are ossified/cartilage rays

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6
Q

proximal, mid, and distal fin support

A

basal pterygiophores
radial pterygiophores
rays

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7
Q

what are the two sets of paired fins

A

pectoral and pelvic fins

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8
Q

a limb - muscular appendage with well defined joints and distal digits

A

chiridium

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9
Q

morphological term for upper arm or thigh

A

stylopodium

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10
Q

morphological term for forearm or shank

A

zeugopodium

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11
Q

morphological term for manus or pes

A

autopodium

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12
Q

pectoral articulation

A

glenoid fossa

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13
Q

pelvic articulation

A

acetabulum

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14
Q

two big roles for the fins

A

stabilization in the water

role in locomotion

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15
Q

three motions of fins

A

roll, pitch, yaw

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16
Q

two theories of fin origin

A

gill arch theory

fin-fold theory

17
Q

fins and girdles derived from gill arches

A

gill arch theory

18
Q

whats so hard to explain about the gill arch theory

A

it doesn’t account for the pectoral fins

19
Q

pelvic and pectoral fin sets derived from two continuous ventrolateral folds of ancestral fish

A

fin-fold theory

20
Q

what is interesting about limb development

A

asymmetric development

21
Q

early tetrapods only have made of three parts called

A

one bone in the pelvic girdle

illium, ischium, pubis

22
Q

bones of the digits

A

metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges

23
Q

bones of wrist/ankle

A

carpals/tarsals

24
Q

primitive tetrapods have this many digits and this many digits became established as the common plan

A

more than 5

5

25
Q

four reasons to move from aquatic to terrestrial life

A

fishes able to move to move from water to water over land
avoid predation by moving to shallows or onto beaches
breath air where there is more oxygen
there is abundant food sources on land

26
Q

what is the difference between early tetrapod/ amphibian/reptile movement and eutherian mammal movement

A

lateral limbs vs limbs drawn under the body

pendulous limb vs overarm swing

27
Q

what is the advantage of having limbs under the body

A

allows for better locomotion with the limbs only moving in one plane

28
Q

what is another word for running

A

cursorial

29
Q

what was the structural change in the limb design when limbs are drawn under the body

A

forelimbs are now under the scapula and have a greater role in weight bearing
there is a reduction of pectoral girdle elements

30
Q

in mammals how does the flexion of the vertebral column change

A

shift from lateral flexion to vertical flexion

31
Q

three hypotheses on the evolution of bird flight

A

bipedal tree dwelling ancestor
feathered limbs as insect catchers
feathered limbs to support running