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Anatomy > Chapter 3, 4, 5 powerpoint > Flashcards

Chapter 3, 4, 5 powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

what is amniote grouping based on

A

pattern of temporal region openings of the skull

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2
Q

two things that define temporal fenestra

A 
# of openings 
position of the bars
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3
Q

No fenestrae,

only seen in ancestral turtles

A

anapsid skull

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4
Q

1 fenestra
upper rim is the bar which is composed of the squamosal and postorbital bones
ancestors of mammals

A

synapsid skull

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5
Q

2 fenestrae
mid= upper bar = squamosal and post orbital
lower rim=lower bar= jugal and quadratojugal bones
found in dinosaurs, birds, and other non turtle reptiles

A

diapsid skull

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6
Q

1 fenestrae
modified diapsid
loss of lower bar

A

euryapsid

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7
Q

when did synapsids arise in the fossil record

A

300 MYA

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8
Q

2 subgroups of synapsids

A

pelycosaures

terapsids

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9
Q

two groups of terapsids

A

conodonts and mammals

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10
Q

3 extant groups of mammals

A

monotremes
metatherians
eutherians

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11
Q

hair, suckle young, endotherms

no nipples, no external ears, shelled eggs

A

monotremes

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12
Q

pouch vs. placenta to nourish young

A

metatherians

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13
Q

placenta to nourish young

A

eutherians

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14
Q

forces that can act on weight bearing structures

A

compression
tension
shear

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15
Q

structure failure over time

A

fatigue fracture

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16
Q

what in bone allows it to resist propagation of fractures

A

collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals

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17
Q

regression/reduction from unstressed or constant stress

A

atrophy

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18
Q

expansion, bigger cells, with stress

A

hypertrophy

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19
Q

expansion, more cells, with stress

A

hyperplasia

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20
Q

4 environmental influences on bone

A

disease
nutrition
hormones
mechanical stress

21
Q

bone remodeling occurs in proportion to mechanical demands

A

Wolff’s law

22
Q

two other names for spongy bone

A

trabecular bone

cancellous bone

23
Q

cells that reabsorb bone matrix

A

osteoclasts

24
Q

refers to the network of trabeculae found in the bone

A

trabecular

25
Q

when stress is added to spongy bone two things can happen

A

the bone thickens

the trabeculae are remodeled

26
Q

dense
few spaces
outside layers of all bones
makes up most of the diaphysis of long bones

A

compact bone

27
Q

the shaft of the bone

A

diaphysis

28
Q

lattice of thin bone plates or cords
makes up short flat irregularly shaped bones
makes up the epiphysis of long bones
no osteons present

A

spongy bone

29
Q 
wrapped around the outside of bone
connective like tissue
where stem cells hangout
sharpey's fibers grow into the bone
how tendons and cartilage connect to bone
A

periosteum

30
Q

also has stem cells but surrounds the linings of the bony canals and covering trabeculae

A

endosteum

31
Q

how cells are arranged in compact bone

A

osteon

32
Q

little canals that come off the lacunae

A

canaliculi

33
Q

canals that connect central canals to each other

A

perforating or Volkmann’s canals

34
Q

why is there a medullary cavity and spongy bone in long bones

A

to make them lighter without compromising the strength

35
Q

organic part of bone matrix

A

osteoid

36
Q

matrix between cells is made of how much of these three things

A

25% water
25% protein fibers
50% crystal mineral salt

37
Q

crystallization of bone is also called two things

A

calcification and mineralization

38
Q

crystallization depends on

A

both mineral salts and collagen

39
Q

ends of longbones

A

epiphysis

40
Q

neck between epiphysis and diaphysis

A

metaphysis

41
Q

two types of bone formation

A

intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

42
Q

bone forms directly on or in loose fibrous connective tissue layers

A

intramembranous ossification

43
Q

bone from mesenchyme in dermis

A

dermal bones

44
Q

bone forms in tendons

A

sesamoid bones

45
Q

bone formation via replacement of cartilage with bone

A

endochondral ossification

46
Q

bone forms inward from periosteum

A

primary ossification center

47
Q

form from layer in epiphyseal region

bone forming outwards

A

secondary ossification center

48
Q

growth in thickness of bone

A

appositional growth

49
Q

two stages of appositional growth

A

osteoclasts in endosteum destroy bone lineing in medullary cavity
osteoblasts from periosteum make new bone on the outside surface

Anatomy (18 decks)

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