Chapter 3, 4, 5 powerpoint

Question 1

what is amniote grouping based on

Answer 1

pattern of temporal region openings of the skull

Question 2

two things that define temporal fenestra

Answer 2

# of openings 
position of the bars

Question 3

No fenestrae,

only seen in ancestral turtles

Answer 3

anapsid skull

Question 4

1 fenestra
upper rim is the bar which is composed of the squamosal and postorbital bones
ancestors of mammals

Answer 4

synapsid skull

Question 5

2 fenestrae
mid= upper bar = squamosal and post orbital
lower rim=lower bar= jugal and quadratojugal bones
found in dinosaurs, birds, and other non turtle reptiles

Answer 5

diapsid skull

Question 6

1 fenestrae
modified diapsid
loss of lower bar

Answer 6

euryapsid

Question 7

when did synapsids arise in the fossil record

Answer 7

300 MYA

Question 8

2 subgroups of synapsids

Answer 8

pelycosaures

terapsids

Question 9

two groups of terapsids

Answer 9

conodonts and mammals

Question 10

3 extant groups of mammals

Answer 10

monotremes
metatherians
eutherians

Question 11

hair, suckle young, endotherms

no nipples, no external ears, shelled eggs

Answer 11

monotremes

Question 12

pouch vs. placenta to nourish young

Answer 12

metatherians

Question 13

placenta to nourish young

Answer 13

eutherians

Question 14

forces that can act on weight bearing structures

Answer 14

compression
tension
shear

Question 15

structure failure over time

Answer 15

fatigue fracture

Question 16

what in bone allows it to resist propagation of fractures

Answer 16

collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 17

regression/reduction from unstressed or constant stress

Answer 17

atrophy

Question 18

expansion, bigger cells, with stress

Answer 18

hypertrophy

Question 19

expansion, more cells, with stress

Answer 19

hyperplasia

Question 20

4 environmental influences on bone

Answer 20

disease
nutrition
hormones
mechanical stress

Question 21

bone remodeling occurs in proportion to mechanical demands

Answer 21

Wolff’s law

Question 22

two other names for spongy bone

Answer 22

trabecular bone

cancellous bone

Question 23

cells that reabsorb bone matrix

Answer 23

osteoclasts

Question 24

refers to the network of trabeculae found in the bone

Answer 24

trabecular

Question 25

when stress is added to spongy bone two things can happen

Answer 25

the bone thickens | the trabeculae are remodeled

Question 26

dense few spaces outside layers of all bones makes up most of the diaphysis of long bones

Answer 26

compact bone

Question 27

the shaft of the bone

Answer 27

diaphysis

Question 28

lattice of thin bone plates or cords makes up short flat irregularly shaped bones makes up the epiphysis of long bones no osteons present

Answer 28

spongy bone

Question 29

``` wrapped around the outside of bone connective like tissue where stem cells hangout sharpey's fibers grow into the bone how tendons and cartilage connect to bone ```

Answer 29

periosteum

Question 30

also has stem cells but surrounds the linings of the bony canals and covering trabeculae

Answer 30

endosteum

Question 31

how cells are arranged in compact bone

Answer 31

osteon

Question 32

little canals that come off the lacunae

Answer 32

canaliculi

Question 33

canals that connect central canals to each other

Answer 33

perforating or Volkmann's canals

Question 34

why is there a medullary cavity and spongy bone in long bones

Answer 34

to make them lighter without compromising the strength

Question 35

organic part of bone matrix

Answer 35

osteoid

Question 36

matrix between cells is made of how much of these three things

Answer 36

25% water 25% protein fibers 50% crystal mineral salt

Question 37

crystallization of bone is also called two things

Answer 37

calcification and mineralization

Question 38

crystallization depends on

Answer 38

both mineral salts and collagen

Question 39

ends of longbones

Answer 39

epiphysis

Question 40

neck between epiphysis and diaphysis

Answer 40

metaphysis

Question 41

two types of bone formation

Answer 41

intramembranous ossification | endochondral ossification

Question 42

bone forms directly on or in loose fibrous connective tissue layers

Answer 42

intramembranous ossification

Question 43

bone from mesenchyme in dermis

Answer 43

dermal bones

Question 44

bone forms in tendons

Answer 44

sesamoid bones

Question 45

bone formation via replacement of cartilage with bone

Answer 45

endochondral ossification

Question 46

bone forms inward from periosteum

Answer 46

primary ossification center

Question 47

form from layer in epiphyseal region | bone forming outwards

Answer 47

secondary ossification center

Question 48

growth in thickness of bone

Answer 48

appositional growth

Question 49

two stages of appositional growth

Answer 49

osteoclasts in endosteum destroy bone lineing in medullary cavity osteoblasts from periosteum make new bone on the outside surface