Digestion part 2

Question 1

Adaptations of the alimentary canal

Answer 1

length
diameter
folds in lining 
spiral valves
regionalization

Question 2

expanded part of esophagus

Answer 2

crop

Question 3

expanded part of intestine

Answer 3

cecum

Question 4

extensions off stomach in fish

Answer 4

pyloric ceca

Question 5

outpocketings

Answer 5

diverticula

Question 6

fold in lining

Answer 6

rugae and plicae circularis

Question 7

spiral channel through tube to increase surface area

Answer 7

spiral valve

Question 8

lamprey digestive system

Answer 8

straight tube mouth to anus
ciliated esophagus
no stomach
larvae to adult- develop new esophagus

Question 9

new esophagus in lamprey because

Answer 9

allows feeding via oral disc with ventilation of gills

Question 10

general fish digestive system

Answer 10

great variability in alimentary canals

J-shaped stomach

Question 11

elasmobranch digestive system

Answer 11

stomach muscle

spiral valve in intestine

Question 12

teleost digestive system

Answer 12

no spiral valve

0-200 pyloric ceca

Question 13

amphibians digestive system

Answer 13

short esophagus
stomach
coiled small intestine 
short straight large intestine
cloaca

Question 14

lizards have

Answer 14

muscular stomachs

Question 15

crocodilians have

Answer 15

gizzards

glandular stomach anterior to gizzard

Question 16

part of stomach with thick muscle walls that grinds good against hard objects

Answer 16

gizzards

Question 17

herbivorous reptiles

Answer 17

distinct large intestine

cecum posterior small intestine

Question 18

cloaca is made of two parts in reptiles

Answer 18

coprodeum

urodeum

Question 19

birds digestive system

Answer 19

crop off esophagus 
glandular stomach
gizzard
small intestine (duodenum and ilium)
short, straight large intestine

Question 20

birds glandular stomach

Answer 20

proventricuus

Question 21

mammal digestive system

Answer 21

no grop
no gizzard
long coiled small intestine
long large intestine
monotremes have cloaca
eutherians have rectum and anus

Question 22

ruminants

Answer 22

rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum

Question 23

ruminant true stomach

Answer 23

abomasum

Question 24

empty secretions into buccal cavity via ducts

more characteristic of tetrapods than aquatic vertebrates

Answer 24

oral glands

Question 25

lubricate food and surfaces | start chemical digestion

Answer 25

salivary and mucus glands

Question 26

three main salivary glands

Answer 26

mandibular sublingual parotid

Question 27

what products do salivary glands make

Answer 27

mucus ions amylase (carb digestion)

Question 28

secret toxins and digestive agents/enzymes

Answer 28

venom glands

Question 29

liver

Answer 29

secretes bile | receives blood from hepatic portal vein to process absorbed materials of small intestine

Question 30

where is bile stored

Answer 30

gall bladder

Question 31

job of bile

Answer 31

digest fat

Question 32

exocrine tissue of pancreas

Answer 32

acinar tissue

Question 33

job of acinar tissue

Answer 33

secrete pancreatic juice

Question 34

enzymes produced by acinar tissue

Answer 34

trypsingoen lipase amylase

Question 35

secreted to neutralize stomach acid secretions in intestine

Answer 35

bicarbonate

Question 36

endocrine tissue of pancreas

Answer 36

islets of langerhans

Question 37

job of islets of langerhan

Answer 37

secret insulin and glucagon

Question 38

stomach absorption

Answer 38

limited to water, ions and short chain fatty acids

Question 39

small intestine absorption

Answer 39

most absorption

Question 40

adaptations of small intestine

Answer 40

increased time of passage and increased surface area

Question 41

villi add

Answer 41

10X surface area of intestine

Question 42

microvilli add

Answer 42

100X surface area to intestine

Question 43

movement of material, mixing/churning of material

Answer 43

peristalsis

Question 44

eating feces

Answer 44

coprophagy

Question 45

why eat feces

Answer 45

to re-ingest cecum feces to process again and gain more nutrients and vitamins

Question 46

promotes chemical digestion and gives more surface area for enzymes

Answer 46

mechanical digestion

Question 47

characteristic of mammals

Answer 47

mastication

Question 48

sinew/muscle

Answer 48

carnassial teeth

Question 49

fibrous/grass

Answer 49

grinding teeth

Question 50

nuts/seeds

Answer 50

crushing teeth

Question 51

solution for vertebrates not having cellulases

Answer 51

mutualistic bacteria with cellulases

Question 52

cellulose digestion via mutualists

Answer 52

fermentation

Question 53

fermentation produces

Answer 53

organic acids for absorption and CO2 and CH4 as by-products

Question 54

fermentation in esophagus and stomach

Answer 54

foregut fermenters

Question 55

fermentation in intestine and cecum

Answer 55

hindgut fermenters

Question 56

regurgitation and re-mastication

Answer 56

rumination

Question 57

thin walled sac that collects consumed food

Answer 57

rumen

Question 58

regurgitation occurs via

Answer 58

reverse aspiration and retrograde peristalsis

Question 59

movement of material from rumen and back to separate fine and course materials

Answer 59

reticulum

Question 60

absorbs short chain fatty acids, water transfers material from reticulum to abomasum keeps acid out of reticulum and rumen

Answer 60

omasum

Question 61

fundic glandular epithelium | acid and enzymatic digestion of material

Answer 61

abomasum

Question 62

when snakes eat a meal there is a rapid change in their alimentary canal

Answer 62

``` double intestinal mass increase intestinal epithelial cell size increase production of epithelial cells increase microvilli length increase mucosal thickness increase digestive enzyme activity ```

Question 63

when snakes are fasting there digestive system has

Answer 63

``` decrease in intestinal mass intestinal epithelial cells size production of epithelial cells microvilli length mucosal thickness digestive enzyme activity ```