Chapter 1

Question 1

tail that is symmetrical

Answer 1

homocercal

Question 2

upper lobe of tail is bigger than the lower lobe

Answer 2

heterocercal

Question 3

the discipline that relates a structure to its function

Answer 3

functional morphology

Question 4

natural mechanism for determining which animals would survive and which would not

Answer 4

natural selection

Question 5

scientists replace the terms lower and higher with

Answer 5

primitive and derived

Question 6

a kind of biological blue print, a supposed underlying plan upon which an organism was built.

Answer 6

archetypes

Question 7

embraces the study of form and function, of how a structure and its function become an integrated part of an interconnected design, and of how this design itself becomes a factor in the evolution of new forms

Answer 7

morphology

Question 8

two or more features that share a common ancestry

Answer 8

homology

Question 9

two or more features that have similar function

Answer 9

analogy

Question 10

two or more features that simply look alike

Answer 10

homoplasy

Question 11

similarity between successively repeated parts in the same organism

Answer 11

serial homology

Question 12

refers to a body that is laid out equally from a central axis

Answer 12

radial symmetry

Question 13

the body is divided into to symmetrical sides

Answer 13

bilateral symmetry

Question 14

the plane that divides the bilateral symmetry of an organism

Answer 14

midsagittal plane

Question 15

head

Answer 15

anterior

Question 16

tail

Answer 16

posterior

Question 17

back

Answer 17

dorsal

Question 18

front or belly

Answer 18

ventral

Question 19

midline of the body

Answer 19

medial

Question 20

sides of body

Answer 20

lateral

Question 21

farthest away from main part of body

Answer 21

distal

Question 22

closet to main part of body

Answer 22

proximal

Question 23

chest

Answer 23

pectoral region

Question 24

refers to hips supporting hind limbs

Answer 24

pelvic region

Question 25

divides a bilateral body into dorsal and ventral sections

Answer 25

frontal plane or cononal plane

Question 26

splits body into left and right portions

Answer 26

sagittal plane

Question 27

separates the body into anterior and posterior portions

Answer 27

transverse plane

Question 28

each repeated section is referred to as a

Answer 28

segment or metamere

Question 29

the process that divides a body into sections

Answer 29

segmentation or metamerism

Question 30

these sequentially subdivide the hydrostatic skeleton into a series of internal compartments

Answer 30

septa

Question 31

the course of evolution

Answer 31

phylogeny

Question 32

graphic schemes, summarization of evolutions course

Answer 32

dendrograms

Question 33

termed for such long intervals of unchanged evolution occasionally interrupted by short bouts of rapid change

Answer 33

quantum evolution

Question 34

the earlier or ancestral state of a character

Answer 34

primitive condition or plesiomorphic trait

Question 35

later or descendant state after transformation

Answer 35

derived condition or synaphomorphic trait

Question 36

simply named group of organisms

Answer 36

taxon

Question 37

one that accurately depicts a group that exists in nature resulting from evolutionary events

Answer 37

natural taxon

Question 38

one that does not correspond to an actual unit of evolution

Answer 38

artificial taxon

Question 39

the taxon most closely related to the group we are studying

Answer 39

sister group

Question 40

was meant to be an expression of the degree of change or level or adaptation reached by an evolving group

Answer 40

grade

Question 41

a lineage

Answer 41

clade

Question 42

places together organisms with similar or homologous characteristics

Answer 42

traditional systematics

Question 43

places together organisms belonging to the same clade

Answer 43

phylogentic systematics or cladistics

Question 44

a hypothesis about the linages and their evolutionary relationships

Answer 44

cladogram

Question 45

the assortment of taxa we are interested in

Answer 45

ingroup

Question 46

is close to but not part of this assortment and is used as a reference

Answer 46

outgroup

Question 47

a clade that includes an ancestor and all its descendants but only its descendants

Answer 47

monophyletic

Question 48

groups formed on the basis of nonhomologous characters

Answer 48

polyphyletic

Question 49

groups that include a common ancestor and some but not all of the descendant are

Answer 49

paraphyletic

Question 50

the smallest clade that includes all living members of a group, and any fossils nested within

Answer 50

crown group

Question 51

the set of extinct taxa that are not in the crown group but are closely related to the crown group than any other

Answer 51

stem group

Question 52

together the crown group and stem group make up the

Answer 52

total group

Question 53

the electrical record of a muscle

Answer 53

electromyogram

Question 54

coined to recognize the importance of ecological analysis in the examination of a morphological system

Answer 54

ecomorphology

Question 55

this guy brought attention to the function that parts performed. he argued that organisms must be understood as functional wholes. did not agree with Darwin

Answer 55

George cuvier

Question 56

remembered for many scientific contributions including monographs on comparative anatomy, and agreed greatly with Darwin's ideas

Answer 56

Thomas huxley

Question 57

coined natural selection as a means for evolution of organisms

Answer 57

Charles Darwin

Question 58

English anatomist who belived like cuvier that species were immutable but felt that the correspondence between parts was based on archtypes

Answer 58

Richard Owen

Question 59

lines blood vessels, lymph vessels, heart

Answer 59

endothelium

Question 60

lines body cavities and covers organs

Answer 60

mesothelium

Question 61

is duct unbranched/branched

Answer 61

simple vs. compound

Question 62

shape of secretory cell area

Answer 62

tubular vs alveolar

Question 63

exocytosis vs cell rupture

Answer 63

merocrine vs holocrine

Question 64

a unicellular gland

Answer 64

goblet cells