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Anatomy > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

repeating series of cartilage/bone elements and also supplants notochord in many vertebrates

A

vertebral column

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2
Q

three functions of the vertebral column

A

supports body weight
muscle attachment sites
stiff axis for body movements and shape

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3
Q

two arches of early vertebrae and what they hold

A 
neural arch (nerve cord)
hemal arch (blood vessels)
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4
Q

how were early vertebral cords arranged

A

neural arches were not connected to hemal arches

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5
Q

two regions of fish vertebrae

A

anterior trunk region

posterior caudal region

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6
Q

5 regions of vertebrae in tetrapods

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
caudal
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7
Q

centra and arches remain separate

A

aspidospondyly

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8
Q

centra and arches fuse into one piece

A

holospondyly

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9
Q

linking the centra forms

A

axial column

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10
Q

the shape of the centra articulating surfaces influences

A

movements possible and force distributions

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11
Q

which place is the best to have a rotation point in the vertebrae

A

the center to decrease stress on the nerve cord

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12
Q

cushion between vertebrae centrae joint surfaces

A

intervertebral cartilages

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13
Q

intervertebral discs in mammals are made of

A

fibrocartilage and nucleus pulposus

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14
Q

where do the intervertebral ligaments attach

A

the rims of adjacent centra

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15
Q

vertebral processes are also called

A

apophyses

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16
Q

two apophyses that articulate with the ribs

A

diapophyses

parapophyses

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17
Q

ventral apophyses

A

basopophyses

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18
Q

joint forming processes between vertebrae

A

zygapophyses

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19
Q

4 characteristics of ribs

A

articulate on vertebrae surfaces or fuse with vertebrae
protect internal organs
sites for muscle attachment
role in ventilation and breathing

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20
Q

steps to forming ribs in development

A 
myomeres
myosepta
connective tissue 
cartilage 
ribs
21
Q

three parts of the rib cage

A

ribs
sternum
cartilage connections

22
Q

why is the development of the sternum important

A

allows for breathing air, closing rib cage

23
Q

“abdominal ribs”

A

gastralia

24
Q

three big characteristics of gastralia

A

dermal bone origin
run sternum to pelvis on lateral ventral body wall
no articulation with vertebrae

25
Q

bottom of turtle shell

A

plastron

26
Q

components of the plastron

A

clavicles
interclavicle
gatralia/dermal scales

27
Q

hagfish?

A

prominent notochord

no vertabrae

28
Q

lamprey?

A

prominent notochord

small cartilage vertebral elements on dorsal notochord

29
Q

primitive fishes?

A

prominent notochord
vertebrae with dorsal and ventral cartilage arches
lack centra

30
Q

modern sharks?

A

expanded cartilage vertebrae
connected dorsal/ventral arches with centra
have some processes

31
Q

teleosts?

A

ossified vertebral column
centra bone replaces notochord
spines and ribs are more prominent

32
Q

how do fish swim

A

via lateral undulations

33
Q

large dorsal lobe with vertebrae; small ventral lobe and example

A

heterocercal

shark

34
Q

vertebral column center; symmetrical dorsal/ventral lobes and example

A

diphycercal

lungfish

35
Q

vertebral column at dorsal edge; symmetrical dorsal/ventral lobes and example

A

homocercal

teleost fish

36
Q

where to fin elements attach

A

hemal arches

37
Q

two problems with transition to land

A

air is non-buoyant

respiration in air

38
Q

what is the solution for increased torsion/twist on the vertebral column on land

A

zygapophyses intervertebral articulations

they will also interlock to suppress torsion

39
Q

what is the solution of increased weight bearing stress on column

A

reduce number of centra

increase centra mass

40
Q

what is the purpose of increasing the centra mass

A

reduce flexibility of column

raise capacity to support weight

41
Q

first and second vertebrae in all amniotes

A

atlas

axis

42
Q

atlas/axis joint allows for

A

rotation of the head

43
Q

atlas/skull allows for

A

lift/tilt of head

44
Q

what is the purpose of the fused synsacrum of the bird

A

study to support flight

fewer muscles to attach which is lighter

45
Q

some thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal fuse

A

synsacrum

46
Q

in snakes there is increased torsion on the vertebral column, what is the solution

A

increase the number of zygapophyses to support column

47
Q

in mammals there are highly regionalized vertebral columns, number of cervical, thoracic and lumbar, sacral, and caudal

A

7
15-20
2-5
varies

48
Q

in many mammals why are the posterior thorax vertebrae without ribs

A

allows for greater hind limb stride

Anatomy (18 decks)

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