Chapter 13 Digestion part 1

Question 1

break up food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed

Answer 1

digestive system

Question 2

physical break up by chewing, mixing, churning

Answer 2

mechanical digestion

Question 3

enzymatic break up of material

Answer 3

chemical digestion

Question 4

transport of material across gut wall into bloodstream

Answer 4

absorption

Question 5

ball of food that is swallowed

Answer 5

bolus

Question 6

continuous tube from mouth opening to anus/cloaca

Answer 6

digestive tract

Question 7

three subdivisions of digestive tract

Answer 7

buccal cavity
pharynx
alimentary canal

Question 8

chamber receiving alimentary canal and urogenital products

Answer 8

cloaca

Question 9

opening separate for digestive tract

Answer 9

anus

Question 10

examples of accessory digestive glands

Answer 10

salivary glands, pancreas, liver

Question 11

oral opening to palatoglossal arch or fauces

Answer 11

buccal cavity

Question 12

buccal cavity features

Answer 12

teeth
tongue
palate
cheeks

Question 13

roof of buccal cavity

Answer 13

palate

Question 14

fishes primary palate

Answer 14

ceiling with no openings

Question 15

tetrapod primary palate

Answer 15

nasal passage openings

Question 16

anterior secondary palate

Answer 16

hard palate

Question 17

posterior secondary palate (mammals)

Answer 17

soft/fleshy palate

Question 18

characteristics of teeth

Answer 18

unique to vertebrates
enamel capped
epidermal and meschymal contribution to form teeth
homology with denticles/scales of primitive fish

Question 19

above gingiva

Answer 19

crown of tooth

Question 20

below gingiva

Answer 20

base of tooth

Question 21

base in socket/aveolus

Answer 21

root

Question 22

site of blood vessels and nerves

Answer 22

apical foramen

Question 23

hard, crown surface, and ameloblasts

Answer 23

enamel

Question 24

under enamel/centenum

Answer 24

dentin

Question 25

dentin is formed from

Answer 25

odontoblasts

Question 26

root surface which has annular growth

Answer 26

cementum

Question 27

connects root to aveolar bone of socket

Answer 27

periodontal ligament

Question 28

all teeth same

Answer 28

homodont

Question 29

teeth are different

Answer 29

herterodont

Question 30

who doesn't have teeth

Answer 30

birds and turtles

Question 31

teeth continuously replaced through life

Answer 31

polyphyodont

Question 32

2 sets of teeth in life

Answer 32

diphyodont

Question 33

what are flat teeth good for

Answer 33

crushing/grinding plant material or animals with shells

Question 34

teeth for cutting flesh

Answer 34

blade like edges and serrations on edges

Question 35

salamander larvae have what kind of teeth

Answer 35

cone shaped teeth

Question 36

salamander adults have what kind of teeth

Answer 36

2-cusp teeth

Question 37

some snakes and sharks have

Answer 37

reverse -curve teeth

Question 38

hollow teeth modified for venom delivery

Answer 38

fangs

Question 39

four types of teeth mammals have

Answer 39

incisors canines premolars molars

Question 40

incisors

Answer 40

cut

Question 41

canines

Answer 41

puncture/ hold

Question 42

premolars

Answer 42

grind/crush

Question 43

molars

Answer 43

grind/crush

Question 44

low crown

Answer 44

brachyodont

Question 45

high crown

Answer 45

hypsodont

Question 46

rounded cusps

Answer 46

bunodont

Question 47

straight-ridges cusps

Answer 47

lophodont

Question 48

crescent-shaped cusps

Answer 48

selenodont

Question 49

specialized teeth for show/ territory defending/ attracting mates

Answer 49

tusks

Question 50

tongue of lamprey/hagfish

Answer 50

from pharynx floor with keratinized teeth for rasping

Question 51

fish tongues

Answer 51

lack muscular tongue

Question 52

tetrapods tongue

Answer 52

mobile, hypobrachial origin, attached to hyoid apparatus

Question 53

protract sticky tongue to capture prey

Answer 53

lingual feeding

Question 54

embryonically pharyngeal pouches off lateral pharynx wall give rise to

Answer 54

thymus parathyroid tonsils ultimobrachial gland

Question 55

regions of alimentary canal

Answer 55

esophagus stomach intestine cloaca/anus

Question 56

4 layers of all regions of alimentary canals

Answer 56

mucosa submucosa muscularis externa adventitia

Question 57

inner layer made with epithelial lining and lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

Answer 57

mucosa

Question 58

loose connective tissue layer that can have many things in it including nerve cells

Answer 58

submucosa

Question 59

circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers

Answer 59

muscularis externa

Question 60

outer connective tissue layer

Answer 60

adventitia

Question 61

gut lining epithelium embryonic origin

Answer 61

endoderm

Question 62

smooth muscle, connective tissue embryonic origin

Answer 62

mesoderm

Question 63

connects pharynx and stomach

Answer 63

esophagus

Question 64

characteristics of esophagus

Answer 64

peristalsis mucus secretion to aid food passage stratified epithelium smooth muscle posterior and skeletal muscle anterior

Question 65

sites of temporary food storage along esophagus

Answer 65

crop

Question 66

expanded segment posterior to esophagus

Answer 66

stomach

Question 67

characteristics of stomach

Answer 67

food storage food processing/disgestion absorption

Question 68

what can the stomach absorb

Answer 68

water ions vitamins short chain fatty acids

Question 69

internal lining folds of stomach

Answer 69

rugae

Question 70

three regions of stomach

Answer 70

cardiac region fundic region pyloric region

Question 71

at junction with esophagus

Answer 71

cardiac region

Question 72

largest area of stomach

Answer 72

fundic region

Question 73

parietal cells secrete

Answer 73

HCl

Question 74

chief cells secrete

Answer 74

``` pepsinogen (inactive) becomes pepsin (active) ```

Question 75

at junction with intestine

Answer 75

pyloric region

Question 76

intestinal glands

Answer 76

crypts

Question 77

folds in mucosa of small intestine

Answer 77

plicae circularis

Question 78

projections of mucosa of small intestine

Answer 78

villi

Question 79

there can be three defined regions of small intestine

Answer 79

duodenum jejunum ilium

Question 80

shorter thicker region of intestine

Answer 80

large intestine

Question 81

moves material along, mixes material

Answer 81

peristalisis

Question 82

assists movement protects lining

Answer 82

mucus secretion

Question 83

digestive enzymes from intestinal glands

Answer 83

intestinal juice

Question 84

from duodenal glands to neutralize acidic chime from stomach

Answer 84

bicarbonate secretions

Question 85

from pancreas via duct to duodenum providing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

Answer 85

pancreatic juice

Question 86

from liver/gall bladder and aids in fat digestion

Answer 86

bile

Question 87

areas of immune/ defense structures

Answer 87

MALT, peyer's patches, intestinal flora