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Anatomy Lab > Posterior lower extremity and Hip > Flashcards

Posterior lower extremity and Hip Flashcards

1
Q

sacroiliac joint

A
  • the joint between the sacrum and ilium
  • It is a highly-stable joint capable of only a small amount of gliding movement.
  • This is where the lower extremity meets the spinal column
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2
Q

pubic symphysis

A

is located between the right and left pubic bones. There is a thick fibrocartilaginous disc between the two pelvic bones at this location.

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3
Q

coxal hip joint

A
  • contains the acetabulum
  • contains the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments
  • also contains the ligamentum teres
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4
Q

ligamentum teres

A
  • this is the ligament to the head of the femur

- contains the artery to the head of the femur

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5
Q

gluteus maximus

A

largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles
- this Extends, laterally rotates, and abducts the hip
- inserts onto the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of femur
innervated by inferior gluteal nerve

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6
Q

gluteus medius

A
  • this is just deep to the gluteus maximus
  • this Abducts and medially rotates hip
  • this inserts at the Greater trochanter of femur
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7
Q

gluteus minimus

A

this is the deepest and smallest of the gluteal muscles

  • this Abducts and medially rotates hip
  • this inserts at the Greater trochanter of femur
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8
Q

piriformis

A

an important lateral rotator of the hip

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9
Q

hamstring muscles

A
  • what the muscles of the posterior thigh are collectively called
  • they originate at the ischial tuberosity
  • they travel to the medial aspect of the knee
  • made of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, and the long head of the biceps formis
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10
Q

semitendinosus

A
  • a thinner muscle belly and a longer tendon than the semimembranosus
  • It sits just superficial to the semimembranosus
  • the long tendon at the inferior side wraps around the knee on the medial side
  • extends the hip
  • rotates the knee medially
  • flexes the knee
  • origin: ischial tuberosity
  • insertion: pes anserine insertion
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11
Q

semimembranosus

A
  • this has a thicker muscle belly and a shorter tendon than the semitendinosus
  • this is more medial and deep than the semitendinosus
  • extends the hip
  • rotates the knee medially
  • flexes the knee
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12
Q

biceps femoris

A
  • has two heads
  • the long head and the short head
  • the long head is superficial to the long head
  • the two heads merge together and insert onto the head of the fibula together
  • lateral to the semimembranosis and the semitendinosis
  • both cause lateral rotation of the knee and flexion of the knee
  • the long head causes hip extension
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13
Q

the long head of the biceps femoris

A
  • this orginates on the ischial tuberosity
  • insert onto the fibular head after merging with the short head to form a common tendon
  • extends the hip
  • works with the short head to flex, and laterally rotate the knee
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14
Q

short head of the biceps femoris

A
  • this originates on the linea aspera
  • insert onto the fibular head after merging with the long head to form a common tendon
  • causes lateral knee roation
  • causes hip flexion
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15
Q

what is part of the gluteal region

A
  • gluteus maximus
  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
  • piriformis
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16
Q

gastrocnemius

A
  • the most superficial posterior leg muscle
  • aids in knee flexion
  • it is the primary plantarflexar of the foot
  • it’s tendon merges with the soleus’ tendon to insert on the calcaneus bone of the foot
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17
Q

soleus

A
  • sits deep to the gastrocnemius
  • inserts on the calcaneus in the calcaneal tendon
  • innervated by the tibial nerve
  • plantarflexion of the ankle
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18
Q

calcaneal tendon

A
  • the achilles tendon
  • this is where the gastrocnemius and the soleus tendons merge
  • this inserts onto the calcaneus bone of the foot
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19
Q

plantaris

A

a small muscle with a tiny muscle belly deep to the gastrocnemius

  • not present in all individuals
  • this is going across the posterior knee
  • has a long thin tendon that travels inferiorly to insert on the calcaneus
  • weak knee flexor and weak ankle plantarflexor
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20
Q

superficial posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • this includes the gastrocenemius, soleus, the calcaneal tendon and the plantaris
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21
Q

deep posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • four muscles:
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • popliteus
  • *these are all innervated by the tibial nerve
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22
Q

tibialis posterior

A

this runs along the posterior aspect of the tibia

  • this is lateral to flexor digitorum longus and medial to flexor hallucis longus
  • its tendon crosses under flexor digitorum longus meaning that it crosses the medial malleolus the most anterior
  • plantarflexion of the ankle and inverts the ankle
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23
Q

flexor digitorum longus

A
  • these are the tendons that extend to the 2-5 digits
  • this is the most medial of the three muscles in this layer and its tendon passes the medial malleolus in the middle of the other two tendons
  • plantarflexion and weak inversion of the ankle
  • flexes the MTP, PIP, and the DIP joints in the toes
24
Q

flexor hallucis longus

A
  • its tendon wraps around the medial aspect of the ankle before it reaches the distal great toe
  • its tendon wraps around the medial malleolus the most posterior of three
  • long path gives the muscle a mechanical advantage and makes it a powerful flexor of the first digit
  • plantarflexion and weak inversion of the ankle
25
what is Tom, Dick, AN Harry important for
The muscles Tibialis posterior, flexor Digitorum longus, and flexor Hallucis longus usually travel in a specific order around the medial malleolus - the AN stands for posterior tibial Artery and tibial Nerve - the tibialis posterior is the most anterior/superior and the flexor hallucis is the most posterior/inferior
26
popliteus
- difficult to see on the tissue -It sits on the superior aspect of the tibia and crosses the knee joint - It functions to medially rotate the tibia and “unlock” the knee from full extension in the first few degrees of flexion. - knee flexion innervated by tibial nerve
27
intrinsic foot muscles
muscles that act on the foot and are entirely located within the foot
28
plantar fascia
- This thick layer of fascia is superficial to the muscles of the plantar aspect of the foot - attaches to the calcaneus in anatomical position
29
Plantar muscles layer 1
- flexor digitorum brevis - abductor hallucis - abductor digiti minimi
30
flexor digitorum brevis
the muscle deep to the plantar fascia and flexes digits 2-4 -this is in the middle of the plantar aspect of the foot and has a big muscle body that then has tendond that branch out to the digits
31
abductor hallucis
the large muscle on the medial aspect of the great toe - it abducts the great toe - innervated by the medial plantar nerve
32
abductor digiti minimi
located on the lateral aspect of the 5th digit - abducts the 5th digit - innervated by the lateral plantar nerve
33
Plantar muscles layer 2
muscles of this layer attach to the tendon of flexor digitorum longus - Quadratus plantae - lumbricals
34
Quadratus plantae
- this runs from the calcaneus to the tendons of flexor digitorum longus - adjusts the angle of pull on these tendons - aligns these tendons so that the toes flex within the sagittal plane
35
lumbricals
- insert on to the flexor digitorum longus tendons - in between the different branches of that tendon - flex the MP and extend the PIP and DIP joints - the first lumbircal is innervated by the medial plantar nerve but the rest are innervated by the lateral plantar nerve
36
Plantar muscles Layer 3
- adductor hallucis - flexor hallucis brevis - flexor digiti minimi
37
adductor hallucis
- 7 shaped - has transverse and oblique heads - adducts the great toe
38
flexor hallucis brevis
flexes the great toe - lives completely within the foot - lies along the medial side of the plantar aspect
39
flexor digiti minimi brevis
flexes the fifth digit - lives completely in the foot - lies along the lateral side of the planter aspect - a small muscle that is medial to the abductor digiti minimi
40
plantar muscles layer 4
- the deepest layer of muscles on the plantar aspect of the foot - dorsal interossei - plantar interossei
41
Dorsal interossei
Abduct the toes - the bellies of these muscles are on the outside of the toes (between the metatarsal bones) - these can be seen from the plantar side and the dorsal aspect of the foot
42
Plantar interossei
Adduct the toes - appear to only be on toes 3-5 and are on the medial side of the meditarsal - can be seen from the plantar side of the foot
43
what is DAB and PAD
this is a pnemonic to help remeber that the Dorsal interossei ABduct the toes and the plantar interossei ADDuct the toes
44
what innervates the gluteus maximus
inferior gluteal nerve
45
what innervates the gluteus medius
the superior gluteal nerve
46
what innervates the gluteus minimus
the superior gluteal nerve
47
what are the lateral rotators of the hip
``` piriformis Quadratus Femoris Superior Gemellus Inferior Gemellus Obturator Internus Obturator Externus ```
48
what innervates the posterior thigh muscles
- the tibial division of the sciatic nerve innervates long head, the semimembranosis, and the semitendinosis - the short head is innervated by the common fibular nerve
49
what does the long head of the biceps femoris do
- this extends the hip - flexes and laterally rotates the knee - inserts at the head of the fibula - originates at the ischial tuberosity
50
what does the short head of the biceps femoris do
- flexes and laterally rotates knee - originates at the linea aspera - inserts on the head of the fibula
51
what do the semimembranosis and the semitendinosus do?
- they Extend the hip and flexes knee; medially rotates knee | - they originate at the ischial tuberosity
52
where does the semitendinosis insert
pes anserine insertion
53
the gastrocnumius, soleus, and the plantaris are innervated by what
the tibial nerve
54
what does the medial plantar nerve innervate
- abductor hallucis - flexor hallicus brevis - flexor digitorum brevis - 1st lumbrical
55
what does the lateral plantar nerve innervate
- the adductor hallicus (7 muscle) - flexor digiti minimi brevis - dorsal interossei - abductor digiti minimi - quadratus plantae - 2nd- 4th lumbricals

Anatomy Lab (19 decks)

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