Heart/great vessels/respiratory Flashcards
internal intercostal
this depresses the ribs with forced exhalation
external intercostal
this elevates the ribs with inhaleation
serratus posterior inferior
depress the ribs with forced exhalation
-these are at the inferior end of the ribs on the dorsal side and they start medially and move laterally superior until they reach the bottom ribs
serratus posterior superior
- elevates the ribs with forced inhalation
- these are at the superior end of the ribs on the dorsal side and they begin medially and move laterally inferior until they reach the ribs
diaphragm
expands and increases the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity
- this increases pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity
- this is a thin muscle
- contraction causes it to flatten out which increases the space in the thoracic cavity
phrenic nerve
decends through the thoracic cavity and innervates the diaphragm
- it originates from the C3, C4, and C5
- C3 C4 C5 keep the diaphragm alive*
trachea
this is hard due to cartilaginous rings that help maintain the lumen so that it doesn’t collapse
-this is where air enters the body and enters the respiratory tract
carina
this is the end the trachea when it spits into the two primary bronchi
alvoli
- these are the site of gas exchange
- these kinda looked like a condensed sponge
oblique and horizontal fissure
these are separations that show where the separate lobes are on the right lung
hilum
this is on the medial aspect of the lobes
- it is a hub of vessels entering and exiting the lung
what is RALS
Right Anterior
Left Superior
-this is referring to where the pulmonary artery enters each of the lung compared to where the bronchi is entering
aorta
- leaves the left ventricle
- has thicker walls than pulmonary trunk
- near the base it has branches for where the coronary arties leave the aortia
- has an ascending limb, a defending limb and an arch
superior/inferior vena cava
these both carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
pulmonary vein
carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium
auricle
another term for atria
atria
- there are two, a left and right
- these receive the either oxygenated or deoxygenated blood and then pump it to the ventricles
left ventricle
- this has much thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle
- this pumps blood out to the aorta and to the rest of the body
right ventricle
-this pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk to enter the pulmonary circuit
Right AV valve
- tricuspid valve
- this prevents back flow from the ventricle into the atria
- this opens when the pressure in the right atrium overcomes the pressure to keep the valve closed and causes it to open
- this kinda looks like a flap
Left AV valve
- bicuspid valve
- this prevents back flow fro m the ventricle into the atria
- this kinda looks like a flap
which valve comes first the tricuspid or the bicuspid
the tricuspid because it is in the right side of the heart which receives the deoxygenated blood
-gotta Tri it before you Bi it
Pulmonary semilunar valve
this prevents back flow from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
-this prevents back flow from the aorta back into the left ventricle
inter ventricular septum
this separates the right and left ventricles
trabeculae Carneae
the muscular ridges on the walls of the ventricles
papillary muscles
projections from the heart wall that attach to the chordea tendineae
-these provide support to prevent prolapse of the AV valves
chordae tendineae
prevent the AV valves from prolapsing into the atria
fossa ovalis
- a small oval indent on the septum
what created the fossa ovals
Prior to birth The fossa ovalis was an opening in the fetus, then called the foramen ovalis, that allowed blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation because the fetus received oxygenated blood from the mother and did not need this part of circulation (this closes shortly after birth leaving the fossa ovalis)
normal inspiration
- this uses the diaphragm and the external intercostals
forceful inspiration
- uses the diaphragm and the external intercostals just like normal inspiration
- also uses the serratus posterior superior and then a series of other muscles that are recruited
exhaleation
normal exhalation does not require any muscles because it is passive and it is returning to the normal volume of the thoracic cavity
-relaxation of the diaphram and the external intercostals and the elasticity of the lungs will recoil and push air out of the thorax
forceful exhalation
-requires the recruitment of muscles
-recruits the internal intercostals
-transversus thoracis
-serratus posterior inferior
These all work together to decompress the thoracic cavity along with the relaxation of the other two
transversus thoracis
this is deep to the thoracic cage
- this is the inner most intercostal
- these are recruited for forceful expiration
where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart
-deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the inferior and superior vena cava
pulmonary veins do what
these bring the oxygenated blood back to the heart and deposit into the left atrium
coronary arteries
these supply the heart itself with blood
right coronary artery
this branches into the marginal artery and the Posterior interventricular artery
marginal artery
- this branches down toward the apex of the heart toward the left of the heart on the anterior side
- supplys the right ventricle
posterior interventricular artery
the right coronary artery travels around to the posterior and then branches down into this artery to the inferior of the heart
-It branches off on the inferior surface of the heart within the atrioventricular groove.
left coronary artery
this branches into the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery
anterior interventricular artery
this branches off near the left margin of the pulmonary trunk from the left pulmonary artery
- this supples the left ventricle and the right ventricle
circumflex artery
- this supples the left atrium
- this is a branch off of the left coronary artery
- this is heading toward the posterior of the heart
coronary sinus
- this is where the veins all come together and drain
- this is on the posterior side of the heart and is very large and goes across horizontally
middle cardiac vein
-this is paired with the posterior interventricular artery
small cardiac vein
this is paired with the marginal artery
great cardiac vein
runs with the anterior interventricular artery
right lung
this is larger
-has three lobes
left lung
this is smaller of the two lungs
-this has two lobes and is smaller because it makes room for the heart
cartiloginous rings
- these help with the stability of the trachea
- they are c shaped rings that allow for stability and flexibility
- they are c shaped so that the esophagus has room to move when a bolus is moving down it
what is a good way to distinguish between the arteries and veins
- at the hilum, the arteries are thicker and have more structure whereas the veins are more translucent
- on the side of the heart, the veins will be more deflated and the arteries will be more raised
what allows us to see the heart, liver, and stomach all at once when looking at the cross sections
-the dome shape of the diaphram because the liver and stomach are under it and the heart rests at the top of the dome
what is the position of the patient in cross sectional views
the patient is lying on their back and we are looking from their feet
