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2nd year > PMHP- Evidence based dentistry > Flashcards

PMHP- Evidence based dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 As for evidence based dentistry?

A

Ask

Align

Accquire

Appraise

Apply

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2
Q

Discuss the a ‘ask’

A

This is how we ask about the research.

We use PICO to ask more about the research we are dealing with.

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3
Q

What is PICO?

A

Population- what are the group of patients?

Intervention- What is being done to the patients?

Comparison- what are you comparing the research to?

Outcome- what is the result of the research?

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4
Q

Compare risk to odds

A

The risk is the chance of something happening.

number of fallen people/ those who could fall

The odds is the odds of something happening

number of fallen people/ those who didn’t fall

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5
Q

What is the outcome?

A

Something that could happen. The outcome could be good or bad.

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6
Q

What should be questioned when you are interpreting the risk?

A

I- Information about the the risk. what is it?
S-what is the size of the risk?

A-Does this risk apply to me?

C- How does this risk compare with other risks?

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7
Q

What should you be considering if there is a risk reduction?

A
  • What is the reduced risk of?
  • How big is the risk reduction?

Starting risk- if there was no treatment V modified risk- as a result of treatment.

  • What are the downsides/ side effects (is the benefit worth the downsides?)
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8
Q

Compare the relative and absolute risk.

A

The relative risk looks at how your risk changes.

The absolute risk looks at your inital and final risk.

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9
Q

A dental treatment reduces the risk of premature death from 4.9% to 0.8%.

A) What is the relative risk reduction?
B) What is the absolute risk reduction ?

A

A)

Relative risk reduction-

(4. 9-0.8)/ 4.9
4. 1/4.9

= 84%

B)

Absolute risk reduction

  1. 9-0.8
  2. 1%
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10
Q

What risk do we want to know when looking at information and why?

A

The absolute risk as it puts the risk into perspective.

A 4.1% risk reduction shows the true size of the reduction whereas the relative risk of 84% makes this small reduction sound BIG.

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11
Q

How do we calculate the absolute risk difference.

A

Absolute risk difference is one minus the other.

The value of no difference =0.

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12
Q

What is the number needed to treat and how do we calculate it?

A

The number of patients you would need to treat to prevent one patient from developing the outcome.

1/ absolute risk difference.

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13
Q

What is the risk ratio and how do we calculate it?

A

The risk ratio gives us the effect of the intervention.

Risk in treatment (new treatment

Risk of control (old treatment)

The value of no difference is 1.

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14
Q

What is the value of no difference?

A

When the risks in the two groups is the same.

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15
Q

What are confidence intervals?

A

The range of values in a population that the treatment will affect.

For a difference between 2 quantities- If the confidence intervals overlap 0 there is not sufficent evidence.

For a ratio between 2 quantities- If the confidence intervals overlap 1, there is not sufficent evidence.

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16
Q

How do we analyse the risk?

A

We ask:

  • What is the outcome being measured?
  • what is the intervention and what is the control?
  • Is the outcome good or bad?
  • Is the evidence sufficient?
17
Q

Compare a good outcome to a bad outcome.

A

A good outcome would be :

  • Increased survival
  • decreased death or disease

A bad outcome would be:

  • Decreased survival
  • increased death or disease
18
Q

What is a case series report?

A

When the description of medical history for one or more patients.

This is used for hypothesis generation.

19
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

An observational study that analyses the data collected from a population at a specific period of time.

20
Q

What is a case- control study?

A

When people with the disease are matched with those without it.

We then compare their exposure to different factors looking back.

21
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

When participants are recruited for a study and followed up over time to measure exposures & diseases developed.

22
Q

What is a randomised control trial?

A

Participants are allocated a group by chance to different interventions or the control.

23
Q

What are systematic reviews and meta-analysis?

A

When all the evidence of a Randomised control trail for a particular treatment is collected together.

24
Q

What are the 4 design elements for a randomised control trial?

A
  • Participant specification- who is included/ excluded from the trial
  • Control group - What is used as the control (current mediciation or placebo)
  • Randomisation- to prevent bias
  • Masking/ blinding- so neither researcher or patient know.

2nd year (63 decks)

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