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2nd year > Blood- diseases > Flashcards

Blood- diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is Haematocrit?

A

The proportion of cells to liquid in the blood.

If this is very high, the blood is too viscous and this leads to blood clotting problems.

Also known as HCT

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2
Q

What is anaemia?

A

A low haemoglobin count

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3
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

A low white blood cell count

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4
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

A reduction in the number of all cells.

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5
Q

If there is a shortage of more than one cell type then….

A

The bone marrow is failing.

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6
Q

What is Polycythaemia?

A

Raised hameoglobin levels

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7
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

A raised white blood cell count

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8
Q

What is thrombocythaemia?

A

A raised platelet count.

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9
Q

When there is overproduction of multiple cell types..

A

It is preneoplastic (precancerous)

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10
Q

Compare leukaemia and lymphoma

A

Leukaemia is the production of neoplastic white blood cells in circulation.

A lymphoma is the production of neoplastic white blood cells that form a tumour

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11
Q

Why do we use Blood transfusions>

A
  • To quickly replace blood when it is lost.
  • When the patient’s bone marrow cannot produce blood cells.
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12
Q

Why do you need to test the blood sample of donated blood before completing a blood transfusion?

A

As there are other less common antibiodies that could make the blood incompatable

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13
Q

What are the 3 components needed to stop bleeding?

A
  1. Vascular component (retraction of the vessel)
  2. Cellular component (the number and function of the platelets)
  3. Coagulation component (adequate clotting and clot lysis)
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14
Q

What investigations are used for haemostasis?

A

FBC- platelet numbers

Bleeding time

INR- ability of protein to produce prothrombin and thrombin (this is the international normalised ratio)

LFT- checking if the liver has produced clotting factors.

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15
Q

what is haemophilia?

A

The inability of a person to clot.

This is X linked recessive (females are carriers. males suffer)

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16
Q

What is thrombophilia?

A

When the patient has an excessive tendency to clot

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17
Q

What is therapeutic Coagulopathy?

A

Where the coagulation system is manipulated to make clotting less likely. By:

  • reducing platelet adhesion and function
  • Reducing activity in the coagulation cascade.

We use antiplatelets and anti-coagulants for this.

18
Q

What is Porphyria

A

Bad

Abnormality of haem metabolism.

19
Q

What are the types of anaemia?

A
  • When you don’t make enough red blood cells (bone marrow issue)
  • When you make enough red blood cells but not enough haemoglobin to go in them. (deficency in blood constituents)
20
Q

What type of RBC are shown here?

A

Microcytic RBC are Cells that are smaller than they should be.

This is caused by Iron deficency and Thalassaemia

21
Q

What type of rbc?

A

Normacytic red blood cells,

where they are normal sized.

anaemia in this patient is caused by:

  • Bleed
  • Renal disease
  • Chronic disease.
22
Q

What type of RBC?

A

Macrocytic RBC are larger rbc. They have not shrunk enough

These are caused by a B12 or folate deficiency.

23
Q

What type of RBC

A

Reticuloyctes.

These are almost mature red blood cells that are released into circulation to replace losses.

24
Q

What are haematinics?

A

The things used to make RBC:

Vitamin B12

Iron

Folic acid.

25
Q

How do we measure how much iron is in the body?

A

By measuring ferratin counts.

26
Q

How could a patient be iron deficient?

A

You can lose iron by bleeding.

27
Q

How could a patient be Vitamin B12 deficient?

A

Through Veganism or a lack of intrinsic fibre (which is needed to work with the VitB12)

28
Q

How could a patient be folic acid deficient?

A

Due to a lack of intake or absorption failure.

29
Q

What is Thalassaemia?

A

When there is normal haem production but there is a genetic mutation of the globin chain.

30
Q

How do we treat thalassaemia?

A

By giving the patient haemoglobin to subsitute for the haemoglobin they are missing.

31
Q

What is shown here?

A

Sickle cell anaemia

Where a low oxygen environment has caused the RBC shape to change.

32
Q

How do we diagnose anaemia?

A
  • Iron?- is it in normal range
  • Red cell count and haemocrit?- does the patient have a cell or haemoglobin formation deficency?
  • MCV image?- What is the likely deficency.
33
Q

How do you treat anaemia?

A
  • Replace haematinics (200mg of FeS04 / 1mg IM VitB12/ 5mg folic acid
  • Replace erythropoietin (To produce RBC)
  • Transfusions
34
Q

If the patient who is diagnosed with anaemia’s blood test shows they have a small MCV what does this mean?

A

The patient has microcytic blood cells &

So the anaemia could be caused by

  • iron deficency
  • Thalassaemia
35
Q

If the patient who is diagnosed with anaemia’s blood test shows they have a normal MCV what does this mean?

A

They have normocytic blood cells &

The anaemia could be caused by:

  • a bleed
  • Renal disease
  • Chronic disease
36
Q

If the patient who is diagnosed with anaemia’s blood test shows they have a large MCV what does this mean?

A

The patient has macrolytic red blood cells &
The anaemia could be caused by:

  • B12 deficency
  • Folate deficency
37
Q

A patient diagnosed with anaemia has the following medical history. What do you think of this?

A

Naproxen is a NSAID.

These can cause ulcers.

Therefore, the patient may be anaemic due to an ulcer (bleed)

We would want to scope them to check for an ulcer.

& Check the MCV in the patient’s blood test.

38
Q

How do we absorb iron?

A

Through the jejunum of the small intestine

39
Q

What is the risk of being Vitamin B12 deficient?

A

The patient’s nerve function can be damaged. (can get a poly neuropathy)

40
Q

What do you have to check for patients on warfarin in their blood test?

A

The patients INR as warfarin affects the prothrombin time.

41
Q

Compare an acute disease and a chronic disease.

A

An acute disease is an issue now. (lifethreatening).

A chronic disease will be an issue in the future (long term like ‘chronic’ which is a longer word)

2nd year (63 decks)

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