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2nd year > Endocrine- Pituitary & thyroid > Flashcards

Endocrine- Pituitary & thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

It receives signals from the brain (hypothalamus) and triggers hormones to be released.

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2
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

ACTH- adrenocorticotrophic hormone.

TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone

GH- growth hormone

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3
Q

What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH =Anti-diuretic hormone

Oxytocin.

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4
Q

What are the two types of pituitary tumours you can get?

A

Functional- produce a hormone (ATCH/GH/TSH)

Non-functional-they just get bigger and squash things

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of a pituitary tumour?

A

Vision loss:
a pituitary tumour could affect the optic chiasma- (where the nerves cross) this would cause the loss of the nasal field.

Causing- Tunnel vision.

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6
Q

Discuss the effect of insufficient growth hormone on adults and children.

A

children- Growth failure- Right proportions but not enough of it.

Adults- metabolic change- Increased fat but loss of vitality (causing weakness)

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7
Q

Discuss the effect of excess growth hormone on adults and children.

A

Children- gigantism

Adults- acromegaly.

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8
Q

Describe what you would see intra-orally in an acromegally patient?

A
  • Large tongue
  • Interdental spacing
  • reverse overbite
  • “Denture shrinking”
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9
Q

How is growth hormone assessed?

A

Using levels of IGF- Insulin like Growth factor. (levels are proportional)

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10
Q

What is graves disease?

A

Autoimmune disease-

immune system produces antibodies that fit the TSH receptor.

This activates the thyroid gland and produces more thyroid hormone.

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11
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

Goitre- excercise of the thyroid gland producing a larger gland.

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12
Q

List symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Diahorrea.
  • Hot & excess sweating
  • palpitations
  • muscle weakness
  • weight loss.
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13
Q

List signs of hyperthroidism

A
  • High blood pressure & heart failure
  • tachycardic
  • atrial fibrillation
  • Eye lid lag
  • eyelid retraction.
  • tremor
  • hyperreflexia

Everything speeds up: metabolism. Heart rate.

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14
Q

What is this?

A

Ophthalmopathy

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15
Q

What causes opthalmopathy?

A

The antibody attaching to fat cells causing them to be red and swollen.

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16
Q

Discuss T3 and TSH levels in hyperthyroidism caused by the pituitary gland.

A

Raised TSH

Raised T3

17
Q

Discuss T3 and TSH levels in hyperthyroidism caused by graves or adenomas

A

Low TSH

Raised T3

18
Q

What drugs do we use to treat hyperthyroidism?

A

Beta blockers

Carbimazole.

19
Q

Compare primary and secondary disease.

A

Primary- caused by a gland failure

Secondary- caused by control failure.

SeCondary = control

20
Q

What is autoimmune thyroiditis?

A

When antibody binding to the gland causes gland inflammation and reduced metabolism.

21
Q

WHat is idopathic atrophy?

A

Breakdown where the cause is unknown.

22
Q

Compare the effect of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism increases metabolism.

Hypothyroidism decreases metabolism.

23
Q

What are the T4 and TSH levels in hypothyroidism caused by the pituitary gland?

A

Reduced T4 and Reduced TSH

24
Q

What are the T4 and TSH levels in hypothyroidism caused by the thyroid gland failure?

A

Raised TSH

Reduced T4

25
Q

How do you treat hypothyroidism?

A

Give the patient Thyroid hormone (thyroxine)

slowly increase the dose.

26
Q

What has to be given to patients post thyroid cancer surgery?

A

T4 as they no longer have their thyroid gland so are unable to produce thyroid hormone.

27
Q

How would you treat an uncontrolled hyperthyroid patient?

A

Wait until they have their hyperthyrodism under control.

28
Q

How would you treat an uncontrolled hypothyroid patient?

A

Avoid sedatives .

29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a hypothyroid disorder?

A

Everything slows down:

Signs: bradycardia (slowed heart rate)

Symptoms :Weight gain (metabolism slows down)

cold intolerance.

2nd year (63 decks)

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