Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Lichen

A

first species to inhabit an area

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2
Q

What are the three reasons that plants adapt quickly?

A

Sexually reproduce
Have short generation times
Have a lot of offsprings (seeds)

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3
Q

What are the closest relatives of plants?

A

Green algae called charophytes are the closest relatives of plants

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4
Q

What 3 traits do plants share with charotypes

A

Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast

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5
Q

What are the 5 main plant traits that are absent in charotypes?

A
  1. alteration of generation
  2. multicellular dependent embroys
  3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
    4.Multicellular gametangia
  4. Apical meristems
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6
Q

Alteration of Generation

A

In most plants, there is a life cycle that alternates between two multicellular stages: a haploid (n) gametophyte stage and a diploid (2n) sporophyte stage.

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7
Q

Multicellular Embryo

A

After fertilization, the zygote develops into a multicellular embryo that remains attached to and dependent on the parent plant.

This protects the developing embryo and provides it with nutrients.

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8
Q

Sporangia

A

In plants, spores are produced in multicellular structures called sporangia, which protect and disperse the spores.

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9
Q

Multicellular Gamentangia

A

Gametangia are structures that produce and protect gametes. In plants, these are multicellular structures that enclose the gametes, protecting them from desiccation and mechanical damage.

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10
Q

Apical Meristems

A

regions of actively dividing cells located at the tips of shoots and roots.

  • They are responsible for the growth of plant tissues, allowing plants to grow outward (lengthen) without becoming taller.
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11
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy layer on the outer surface of the epidermis that helps reduce water loss from the plant’s surface

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12
Q

Stomata

A

small pores on the underside of plant leaves that allow for gas exchange, enabling the plant to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen and water vapor

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13
Q

Seed

A

an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

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14
Q

Spore

A

embryo with only a little nutrients

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15
Q

What characteristics do seed plants have (4)

A

Reduced gametophytes - gametophyte generation is much smaller and less conspicuous than the sporophyte generation
Heterospory - means they produce two types of spores: megaspores (female) and microspores (male).
Ovules (egg)
Pollen (sperm)

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16
Q

Seeds provide some evolutionary advantages (3)

A

–They may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination
-They have a supply of stored food
–They may be transported long distances by wind or animals

17
Q

Bryophytes

A

small, non-vascular, seedless plants that include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.

18
Q

What stage are bryophytes usually in?

A

The sporophyte stage is short-lived and only occurs during reproduction,

19
Q

Peat Moss

A

type of bryophyte
- known for its ability to store large amounts of carbon and is sometimes used as a fuel source

20
Q

What is the ecological role of bryophytes

A

stabilizing soil, retaining moisture, and providing habitat for various organisms.

21
Q

Xylem

A

carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

22
Q

pholem

A

carries food, such as sugars and amino acids, produced by photosynthesis in the leaves, to other parts of the plant.

23
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

ferns, lycophytes, and monilophytes, are larger than bryophytes and reproduce using spores rather than seeds.

  • they have roots and leaves
  • spend more time in diploid sporophyte stage than haploid germophyte stage
24
Q

What are the two types of seed vascular plants?

A

Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

25
Q

Gymnosperm

A
  • naked seeds, meaning the seeds are not enclosed in a fruit.
  • conifers
  • seeds of gymnosperms are exposed on sporophylls that form cones
26
Q

Angiosperm

A
  • have flowers and fruits
27
Q

Sepals

A

leaf-like structures that enclose and protect the flower bud before it opens. They are usually green but can also be colored.

28
Q

Petals

A

serve to attract pollinators

29
Q

Stamens

A

male reproductive organs of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.

30
Q

Anther

A

part of the stamen where pollen containing sperm is produced.

31
Q

Filament

A

the stalk that supports the anther and positions it for effective pollen dispersal.

32
Q

Carpels

A

the female reproductive organs of a flower, typically consisting of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary.

33
Q

Stigma

A
  • the receptive tip of the carpel where pollen is deposited during pollination.
  • It acts as a landing pad for pollen grains.
34
Q

Style

A

the slender stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary and serves as a transport route for pollen tubes to deliver sperm to the ovule.

35
Q

Monocots

A

Angiosperms with one cotyledon (seed leaf); typically less complex.

36
Q

Dicots

A

Angiosperms with two cotyledons; also known as eudicots (“true” dicots).

37
Q

Cotyledons

A

The first leaves or sprouts of a plant embryo; can be one or two in angiosperms.

38
Q

Monocot Characteristics (leaves, stems, roots, pollen openings)

A

Leaves have parallel veins; stems are random; roots are fibrous (no main root); pollen has one opening; petals often in multiples of three.

39
Q

Dicot Characteristics (leaves, stems, roots, pollen openings)

A

Leaves have netlike veins; stems are organized with ring-like structures; roots have a taproot (one main root); pollen has three openings. Petals are often 4 or 5