Carbon

Question 1

Organic Chemistry

Answer 1

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon, regardless of origin

Question 2

Stanley Miller Experiment

Answer 2

This experiment demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds
Experiments support the idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, perhaps near volcanoes, could have been a stage in the origin of life. Experiments simulated life to answer these questions:

could science explain life?
how can I prove life started on early earth?

They simulated life and left the experiment for a decade, and amino acids formed.

It supported the hypothesis that life originated spontaneously from inorganic compounds reacting with early earth conditions by showing how it could of happened.

He put in C, H, O, N, S, and P

Question 3

What can carbon form bonds with?

Answer 3

it can form four bonds

Question 4

Why is carbon so special?

Answer 4

It has four valence electrons and makes covalent bonds with almost everything because it is right in the mi

Question 5

Structure of Methane

Answer 5

CH4

Question 6

Structure of Ethane

Answer 6

C2H6

Question 7

Structure of Ethene

Answer 7

C2H4

Question 8

4 different ways Carbon can bond

Answer 8

• Length
• Branching
• Double Bond Position
• presence of rings

Question 9

Hydrocarbons

Answer 9

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Question 10

Hydrocarbons Function

Answer 10

release a lot of energy

Question 11

Isomers

Answer 11

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Question 12

Structural Isomers

Answer 12

have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

Question 13

Cis-trans isomers

Answer 13

have the same covalent bonds but differ in their spatial arrangements. must have double bonds.

Question 14

Enantiomers

Answer 14

are isomers that are mirror images
of each other

Question 15

Do differences in Enantiomers matter?

Answer 15

Two may have differing effects. This demonstrates that organisms are sensitive to even subtle variations in molecules

Question 16

What are the distinctive properties of organic molecules?

Answer 16

It depends on the carbon skeleton and on the chemical groups attached to it

A number of characteristic/chemical groups can replace the hydrogens attached to skeletons of organic molecules

Question 17

Estradiol and testosterone relation

Answer 17

Estradiol and testosterone are both steroids with a common carbon skeleton, in the form of four fused rings
These sex hormones differ only in the chemical groups attached to the rings of the carbon skeleton

Question 18

Functional Groups

Answer 18

Functional groups are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions. The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties.

Question 19

What are the seven functional groups?

Answer 19

Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group
Methyl group

Question 20

Hydroxyl Group (Formula, Compound name, and characteristics)

Answer 20

(-OH)
Polar due to electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water.
Compound name: Alcohol

Question 21

Carbonyl Group

Answer 21

( C ═ O)
Compound name: Ketone or aldehyde

Question 22

Ketoses

Answer 22

• Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses

Question 23

Adloses

Answer 23

Sugars with aldehydes
are called aldoses

Question 24

Carboxyl Group

Answer 24

(—COOH)
- Acts as an acid.
Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid

Question 25

Amino Group

Answer 25

(—NH2)
Acts as a base.
Compound name: Amine

Question 26

Sulfhydryl group

Answer 26

(-SH)
- Compound Name - Thiol
Two —SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure

Question 27

Phosphate Group

Answer 27

(OPO₃²-)
- negative charge
-When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy.
-Phosphorus surrounded by a bunch of oxygens.

Question 28

Methyl Group

Answer 28

(CH₃)
-Affects the expression of genes. –Affects the shape and function of
sex hormones.
-One carbon group attached to something (hydrogen irreverent)

Question 29

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 29

-Adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
-ATP stores the potential to react with water
-This reaction releases energy that can be used everywhere by the cell