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Biology > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • both a transmitter and a hormone
  • adrenaline
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2
Q

What did Sutherland discover?

A

how the hormone epinpherine acts on cells

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3
Q

Sutherland suggested that cells went through what 3 processes?

A
  • Reception
  • Transduction
  • Response
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4
Q

Reception

A

the target cell detects a signaling molecule that binds to a receptor protein on the cell surface

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5
Q

Transduction

A

the binding of the signaling molecule alters the receptor and initiates a signal transduction pathway

  • this offers different pathways and outcomes
  • we can reuse parts of the pathway
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6
Q

Response

A

In response, the transduced signal triggers a specific response in the target cell

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7
Q

How do cells respond?

A

They can choose to replicate, undergo apoptosis, and more.

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8
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

allows cells to communicate with each other by releasing signaling molecules that bind to and activate surrounding cells.

  • locally released
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9
Q

Synapse Signaling

A

A type of paracrine signaling in which nerve cells transmit signals. This process is named for the synapse, the junction between two nerve cells where signal transmission occurs.

  • cell to cell
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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

a signaling molecule transported through a synapse

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11
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between two nerve cells

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12
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

the signaling molecules (hormones) are secreted by specialized endocrine cells and carried through the circulation to act on target cells at distant body sites.

  • sends signals to everywhere in your body
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13
Q

Pheromones

A

substances which are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species

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14
Q

Ligand

A

specific molecule that fits receptor

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15
Q

What signifies the first transduction of the signal?

A

shape change in a receptor

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16
Q

What are the most common signal receptors?

A

plasma membrane proteins

17
Q

What are the three main membrane proteins

A
  • G protein coupled receptors
  • Receptor tyrosine kinases
  • Ion channel receptors
18
Q

G protein coupled receptors

A

are
cell-surface transmembrane receptors that work
with the help of a G protein

19
Q

G proteins

A
  • similar in structure and bind the energy-rich GTP
20
Q

Ligand Gated Ion Channel

A
  • acts as a gate that opens and closes when the receptor changes shape

When a signal molecule binds as a ligand to the receptor, the gate allows specific ions, such as Na+ or Ca2+, through a channel in the receptor

21
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases

A

membrane receptors that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to another protein

  • cannot trigger multiple pathways
22
Q

What is abnormal functioning of RTKs?

A

associated with many types of cancers

23
Q

What type of messengers go through the cell membrane?

A

Small or hydrophobic chemical messengers can readily cross the membrane and activate receptors

24
Q

Example of Hydrophobic Chemical Messenger?

A

steroid and thyroid hormones of animals

25
Q

Transduction Pathway

A

Activation to Response

26
Q

how do we activate an an enzyme and proteins

A

add a phosphate to ATP

26
Q

Do enzymes get used up or only act on one protein?

A

No they do not get used up and no they do not act on only one protein.

27
Q

Kinases

A

enzymes that activate other enzymes *turns on

28
Q

Phosphorylation Cascade

A

a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins.

29
Q

Protein Phosphatases

A

rapidly remove phosphates and deactivates enzymes

30
Q

Secondary Messengers

A

small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion

31
Q

Cyclic AMP

A
  • usually activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates various other proteins
32
Q

Adenyl Cyclase

A

an enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal

33
Q

Components of CAMP pathway

A

Other components of cAMP pathways are G proteins, G protein-coupled receptors, and protein kinases

34
Q

What secondary messengers release calcium?

A

Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
Diacylglycerol (DAG)

35
Q

What are the four ways to regulate signals?

A

Amplification of the signal (and thus the response)
Specificity of the response
Overall efficiency of response, enhanced by scaffolding proteins
Termination of the signal (prevent apoptosis)

36
Q
A

Biology (20 decks)

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