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Metabolism Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

all of organ’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

begins with specific molecule and ends with product

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3
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

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4
Q

Ex of Anabolic Pathway

A

synthesis of protein from amino acids

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5
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the study of how energy flows through living organisms.

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6
Q

Energy

A

capacity to cause change

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7
Q

Thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformations

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8
Q

Open System

A

energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings (this is what organisms use)

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9
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

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10
Q

Entropy

A

a measure of molecular disorder, or randomness ; also refers to energy loss in the form of heat!

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11
Q

Second Law

A

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable and is often lost as heat or entropy

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12
Q

Relation between Entropy in Surrounding and Organism

A

Entropy (disorder) may decrease in a particular system, such as an organism, as long as the total entropy of the system and surroundings increases

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13
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

proceed with net release of free energy and spontaneous

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14
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

need extra energy so they are nonspontaneous

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15
Q

Free Energy

A

energy that can do work ; a measure of a system’s instability

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16
Q

Delta G and spontaneous Processes

A

DeltaG is negative for all spontaneous processes

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17
Q

How do cells manage energy?

A

Energy Coupling

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18
Q

Energy Coupling

A

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one (catabolic to anabolic) - utilizes by ATP

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19
Q

ATP

A

energy shuttle

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20
Q

Catalyst

A

speed up a reaction w/o being used

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21
Q

How is more ATP made?

A

by hydrolysis

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22
Q

Sucrase

A

breaks sucrose
- ase means enzymes

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23
Q

How do catalysts make reactions quicker? *4

A
  • orient substrates correctly
  • strain substrate bonds
  • provide a favorable environment
  • covalently bonds to a substrate
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24
Q

Substrate

A
  • reactant that an enzyme acts on
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25
Q

Active Site

A

The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

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26
Q

Induced Fit

A

both the substrate and the active site of the enzyme change in conformation until the substrate is completely bound to the enzyme

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27
Q

What factors influence enzyme acitivity?

A

temperature and PH or chemicals

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28
Q

Cofactors

A

non-protein enzyme helpers
- can be inorganic

29
Q

Coenzymes

A
  • organic co-factor
  • includes vitamins
30
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

bind to the active site
of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

31
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

A

bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

32
Q

Examples of Inhibitors

A

toxins, poisons, pesticides, and antibiotics

33
Q

Competitive vs Noncompetitive

A
  • competitive binds to active site
  • in competitive, the issue can be fixed by adding more substrate, but not in noncompetitive.
34
Q

Energy *Source and stuff

A

Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat

35
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A
  • consumes organic molecules and needs oxygen to yield ATP
36
Q

Fermentation

A

a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen

37
Q

Redox Reactions

A

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions

38
Q

Oxidation

A

a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

39
Q

Reduction

A

a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)

40
Q

Reducing Agent

A

The electron donor

41
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

electron receptor

42
Q

Example of Redox Reaction

A

An example is the reaction between methane and oxygen

43
Q

Glycolysis

A

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate when oxygen is not present

44
Q

NAD+

A
  • oxidizing agent during first step of cellular respiration (glycolysis)
  • charged carriers
  • electron acceptor
45
Q

What does glycolysis do to NAD+

A

This process reduces the co-factor NAD+ to NADH

46
Q

​Oxidative phosphorylation

A

accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

47
Q

What is ​Oxidative phosphorylation powered by?

A

redox reactions

48
Q

Two Major Phases of Glycolysis

A

Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase

49
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

50
Q

Reactants for Glycolysis

A

Glucose and two ATP

51
Q

NET Products of Glycolysis

A

2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP

52
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation Location

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation *steps

A
  1. The pyruvate molecule is oxidized, losing two electrons and a hydrogen molecule.
  2. The oxidation results in the creation of a NADH molecule and the loss of CO2.
  3. Pyruvate is made into acetyl coA
54
Q

What are products of pyruvate oxidation

A

create acetyl CoA and NADHA (2)

55
Q

acetyl COA

A

when pyruvate is converted into a two-carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A, known as acetyl CoA in pyruvate oxidation

56
Q

Citric Cycle Location

A

Mitochondria

57
Q

Citric Acid Cycle *2 Steps

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA will first be bonded to a four carbon molecule called oxaloacetate which will create citric acid
  2. electrons and hydrogen ions are removed from the citric acid molecule and added to form NADH and FADH2
58
Q

Citric Acid Cycle Reactants

A

acetyl CoA (usually done twice so double this)

59
Q

Citric Acid Cycle Products

A

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and
1 FADH (this is usually done twice so double this: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP)

60
Q

What do you do with NADH and FADH2 from the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

these become electron carriers who donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

61
Q

Where is the electron transport chain?

A

inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion

62
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation/ Electron Transport Chain *4 steps

A

-step that generates most ATP

  1. The first step of the electron chain is when one of the electron carriers *NADH or FADH
    will release an electron.
  2. The electron will be taken by a different carrier that will move through three different membrane proton pump proteins which forms a gradient
  3. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP.
  4. oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
63
Q

Function of Cytochromes

A

Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom)

64
Q

END PRODUCTS OF CELLUALR RESPRIATION

A

6CO2, 6H2O and 38 ATP molecules *technically 32 since 4 are lost in heat

65
Q

Why do you need oxygen in the electron transport chain?

A

unloads electron transport chain ; terminal electron receptor at the end of chain

66
Q

Two types of Fermentation

A
  1. Alcohol Fermentation
  2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
67
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A
  • human muscles use this to generate ATP when oxygen is scarce
68
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration ; cannot survive without oxygen

69
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

Biology (20 decks)

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