Macromolecules

Question 1

What are monosaccharides classified by? 2

Answer 1

The location of the carbonyl group (as aldose or ketose)

The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Question 2

Glycosidic Linkadge

Answer 2

A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group,

Question 3

What is the function of polysaccharides determined by?

Answer 3

function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages

Question 4

What is starch?

Answer 4

a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomers

Question 5

what is glycogen and where is it stored?

Answer 5

storage polysaccharide in animals
Glycogen is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells

Question 6

What does hydrolysis of glycogen do?

Answer 6

Hydrolysis of glycogen in these cells releases glucose when the demand for sugar increases

Question 7

Ring Forms and their function

Answer 7

alpha (α) and beta (β)
- this is what enables cellulose and starch to differ

Question 8

Cellulose

Answer 8

The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

• similar to starch with different glycosidic linkage

Question 9

Starch Configuration

Answer 9

Starch (α configuration) is largely helical

Question 10

Cellulose Configuration

Answer 10

Cellulose molecules (β configuration) are straight and unbranched

Question 11

Chitin

Answer 11

structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

• provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

Question 12

Glycerol

Answer 12

a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

Question 13

Fatty Acid

Answer 13

consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

Question 14

Hydrogenation

Answer 14

the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Question 15

Adipose Cells

Answer 15

• Humans and other mammals store their long-term food reserves in adipose cells

-Adipose tissue also cushions vital organs and insulates the body

Question 16

Protein Functions (8)

Answer 16

Enzymes- Catalyst for reactions (speeds up reactions)
Defensive - antibodies
Storage - of amino acids 🥚
Transport - of substances- transports steroids through blood
Hormonal - Coordination of an organism’s activities
Receptor - Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Contractile and motor - Movement
Structural - Support

Question 17

Primary Structure of Proteins

Answer 17

Primary structure is like the order of letters in a long word

-Primary structure is determined by inherited genetic information

Question 18

Secondary Structure

Answer 18

The coils and folds of secondary structure result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

Question 19

Tertiary Structure

Answer 19

the overall shape of a polypeptide, results from interactions between
R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents

Question 20

Disulfride Bridges

Answer 20

Strong covalent bonds called disulfide bridges may reinforce the protein’s structure

Question 21

Quaternary

Answer 21

results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

Question 22

Pyrimidines

Answer 22

• ## have a single six-membered ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)

Question 23

Purines

Answer 23

have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

• (adenine and guanine)

Question 24

Gene Expression

Answer 24

DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis

Question 25

phosphodiester linkage

Answer 25

• A phosphodiester linkage consists of a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides
• Nucleotides are linked together by a phosphodiester linkage to build a polynucleotide

Question 26

What does antiparallel refer to in nucleotides?

Answer 26

The backbones run in opposite 5′ → 3′ directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as antiparallel