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Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts

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2
Q

Autotrophs

A

self-feeders” that sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

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3
Q

Heterotrophs

A

obtain organic material from other organisms

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4
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Mesophyll

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5
Q

Mesophyll

A

Interior Tissue of the leaf

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6
Q

Stroma

A

a dense fluid

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7
Q

Thylakoids

A

connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose a third membrane system ; transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

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8
Q

Granum

A

Stacked thylakoids

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9
Q

Where is chlorophyll found?

A

resides in the thylakoid membrane

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10
Q

Photosynthesis Formula

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2

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11
Q

Function of Chloroplasts

A

split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product

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12
Q

How is photosyntesis redox reaction?

A

H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced

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13
Q

Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic?

A

endergonic

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14
Q

What happens in the light reaction in photosynthesis? (4)

A

1.Split H2O
2. Release O2
3. Reduce the electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH
4. Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

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15
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

the process of utilizing light energy from photosynthesis to convert ADP to ATP by adding a phosphate

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16
Q

Where does calvin cycle happen and what does it produce?

A

The Calvin cycle (in the stroma) forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH

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17
Q

What is the name of the sugar produced by the calvin cycle?

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (G3P)

G3P

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18
Q

Is Calvin Cycle Anabolic or Catabolic

A

Anabolic ; it builds sugars

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19
Q

Where do light reactions happen?

A

Thylakoids

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20
Q

What are photosystems 1 and 2?

A

Proton Pumps for light reaction

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21
Q

photolysis

A

splitting of water in light reactions that produces electrons, protons, and oxygen

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22
Q

What happens to the electrons from photolysis?

A

They enter photosystem 2

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23
Q

What happens in photosystem two?

A

They absorb light energy which is used to boost electrons or excite them

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24
Q

Why are the electrons excited by the photosystems in light reactions?

A

to create a proton gradient

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25
Q

Why do we re-excite electrons in photosystem 1?

A

They are picked up by NADP+ which is then converted into NADPH

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26
Q

NADP+

A

final electron acceptor

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27
Q

What does NADPH do?

A

It carries electrons to Calvin Cycle

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28
Q

ATP Synthase

A

ADP to ATP

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29
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

flow of protons down concentration gradient ; the process of diffusion of ions (usually H+ ions, also known as protons) across a selectively permeable membrane.

30
Q

What is ATP Synthase powered by?

A

chemiosmosis

31
Q

What are ATP and NADPH used for in the Calvin Cycle

A

They convert carbon from CO2 to glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (G3P) and send ADP and NADPH+ back to light reactions

32
Q

Structure of a Photosystem?

A

consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

33
Q

Primary Electron Acceptor

A

anything that accepts excited electrons and is therefore reduced

34
Q

Light Harvesting Complex (Function and Structure)

A
  • a complex composed of a large number of pigment molecules bound to proteins.
    -The function of the light energy complex is to trap the light and transfer it to photosystems
35
Q

Reaction Center Complex

A

an association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor ; do primary energy conversions for photosynthesis

36
Q

What is the reaction center for photosystem 2 called and why?

A

P680 because it is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm.

37
Q

What is the reaction center for photosystem 1 called and why?

A

best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm

38
Q

What are the two types of paths electrons take through light reactions?

A

Cyclic and Linear Electron Flow

39
Q

What does the photon do in linear electron flow?

A

A photon hits a pigment in a light-harvesting complex of PS II, and its energy is passed among pigment molecules until it excites P680 and an electron is picked up by the primary electron acceptor.

40
Q

Where do the missing electrons in photosystem 2 come from?

A

They come from the splitting of water

41
Q

What is a side effect of the splitting of water in linear electron flow?

A

It provides protons for the proton gradient

42
Q

Photosystem 1 in Linear Electron Flow

A

Electrons are excited and passed to cholorophyll molecules that are picked up by primary electron acceptor.

43
Q

Where does the missing electron in photosystem 1 come from?

A

It comes from the electron produced in photosystem 1 by splitting of water. It is transported through an electron transport chain.

44
Q

Electron Transport Chain of Photosystem 1

A

It is composed of Ferrodoxin and NADP+ reductase

45
Q

NADP+ Reductase

A

It reduces NADP+ to NADPH using electrons from photosystem 1 and 2

46
Q

Where does the NADPH produced by photosystem 1 and 2 go?

A

Calvin Cycle

47
Q

Cyclic Electron Flow

A
  • only uses photosystem 1 and there is no oxygen
48
Q

What step is different in cyclic electron flow?

A

The photon in still excited and electrons are still produced but the transport chain step is different

49
Q

Electron Transport Chain in Cyclic Electron Flow

A
  • It goes to ferodoxxin then to cytochrome complex and to a PC molecule which sends it back to excite electrons and chlorophyll. It does not produce NADPH for Calvin Cycle but still produces fewer ATP through the cycle.
50
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

It involves the enzyme RuBisCO ‘‘fixing’’ CO2 to RuBP, producing two molecules of 3-PGA.

51
Q

Sources of Energy in Mitochondria and Chloroplast

A

Mitochondria - food
Chloroplasts - light energy

52
Q

Where are protons pumped and diffused in m and c

A
  • Mito: intermembrane space and diffused into mitochondrial matrix
  • Chloroplasts: thylakoid space and diffused into stroma
53
Q

How do plants cope with dehydration?

A

They close their stomata so they can’t perform photosynthesis

54
Q

Photorespiration

A

Wasteful process caused by closed stroma; produces 2 carbon compound instead of 3

55
Q

Light

A

electromagnetic energy/electromagnetic radiation

56
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance between crests of electromagnetic waves

57
Q

Visible Light

A

consists of wavelengths (380 nm to 750 nm) that produce colors we can see

  • also includes wavelengths that drive photosynthesis
58
Q

Photon

A

discrete particles that light consists and behaves through

59
Q

Shorter Wavelength provides how much energy

A

More energy

60
Q

Pigments

A

substances that absorb visible light

61
Q

Spechtometer

A

measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths. By sending light through pigments and measuring the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength

62
Q

Absoprtion Spectrum

A

a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength

63
Q

Action Spectrum

A

profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process

64
Q

What are the three types of pigment in chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids

65
Q

Chlorophyll A

A

the key light-capturing pigment

66
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

an accessory pigment

67
Q

Carotenoids

A

a separate group of accessory pigments
- photoprotection

68
Q

photoprotection

A

done by carotenoids to absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll or react with oxygen

69
Q

What light works best for photosynthesis?

A

red or violet blue

70
Q

Who first demonstrated the action spectrum?

A

Engelman

71
Q
A

Biology (20 decks)

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