Physiology: Feedback Control - Temperature and Other Vital Signs

Question 1

normal pulse

Answer 1

60-100 bpm

Question 2

normal blood pressure

Answer 2

120/80 mmHg

Question 3

normal respiratory rate

Answer 3

12-20 breaths per min

Question 4

normal temperature

Answer 4

36.7*C

Question 5

normal cap refill time

Answer 5

<2 secs

Question 6

normal O2 sat

Answer 6

> 95%

Question 7

what is the core body temperature maintained at

Answer 7

37.8*C

Question 8

normothermia

Answer 8

normal body temp

Question 9

what does increased/decreased body temp do to cellular metabolism

Answer 9

increased - increases metabolism

decreased - decreases metabolism

Question 10

overheating may cause

Answer 10

• protein denaturing
• nerve malfunction
• convulsions
• death

Question 11

what are the sites for monitoring body temp

Answer 11

• tympanic
• rectal
• oral

Question 12

what is the normal tympanic temp

Answer 12

35.5-37.5

Question 13

what is the normal rectal temp

Answer 13

35.5-36.7

Question 14

what affects oral temperature

Answer 14

food and drink

Question 15

what can cause variability in body temp in general

Answer 15

• diurnal
• activity
• emotions
• exercise
• exposure to extreme temps
• menstration

Question 16

what provides a basic level of metabolic heat and how

Answer 16

basal metabolic rate

oxidation of metabolic fuel from food

Question 17

what can increase BMR

Answer 17

hormones

Question 18

how does shivering affect temperature

Answer 18

increases heat production by increasing muscle activity

Question 19

what type of fat does non-shivering themogenesis affect

Answer 19

brown fat

Question 20

describe conduction heat exchange

Answer 20

heat moves between objects in contact - hot to cold

Question 21

describe convection heat exchange

Answer 21

heat transfer by air/water currents away from the body to help carry heat away, air next to skin is warmed and rises, cooler air moves towards skin

Question 22

what effect does forced air movement across skin have (i.e. wind)

Answer 22

increases convection/conduction, increased heat carried away

Question 23

air trapping clothing increases or decreases conduction/convection

Answer 23

decreases

Question 24

describe radiation heat exchange

Answer 24

electromagnetic waves strike heat into another surface , the human body both absorbs and emits this

Question 25

describe evaporation heat transfer

Answer 25

energy converted into water i.e. vapur on skin/resp airway lining leads to evaporative heat loss and cooling

Question 26

evaporative heat loss is active/passive and is controlled by what

Answer 26

- active | - sympathetic nervous system

Question 27

how is temperature kept constant

Answer 27

negative feedback

Question 28

what are the effectors associated with temperature feedback loops

Answer 28

skeletal muscles, sweat glands, skin arterioles, behavioural adaptions

Question 29

what part of the hypothalmic centre is activated by cold

Answer 29

posterior

Question 30

what part of the hypothalmic centre is activated by heat

Answer 30

anterior

Question 31

where does the hypothalmic centre have connections to

Answer 31

neural connections with imbic neurons contorlling skeletal muscles and sympathetic nervous system

Question 32

what are the sympathetic responses to cold

Answer 32

vasoconstriction

Question 33

what are the motor responses to cold

Answer 33

increased muscle tone, shivering and voluntary movement

Question 34

what are the behavioural changes to cold

Answer 34

postural changes and warm clothing

Question 35

what are the sympathetic changes to heat

Answer 35

vasodilation and sweating

Question 36

what are the motor changes to heat

Answer 36

decreased muscle tone and voluntary movement

Question 37

what are the behavioural changes to heat

Answer 37

cool clothing

Question 38

what happens to the hypothalmic set point during fever

Answer 38

its raised

Question 39

how do macrophages effect body temperature

Answer 39

they release chemicals in response to infection/inflammation and act as endogenouspyrogens

Question 40

what is the role of prostaglandins in fever

Answer 40

they act in the thermoregulatory centre to reset the set point

Question 41

draw the flow chart about fever

Answer 41

**

Question 42

what happens to the fever flow chart if pyrogen release is reduced/stopped

Answer 42

prostaglandin synthesis is decreased/ceased and the hypothalmic set point is restored to normal

Question 43

when the hypothalmic set point is restored to normal what is initiated

Answer 43

the cold response

Question 44

what temperature is defined as hyperthermia and why does it happen

Answer 44

>40*C | failure of heat regulating mechanisms

Question 45

what temperature is defined at hypothermia and why is it bad

Answer 45

<35*C | below temp needed for cellular metabolism and function