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Principles > Physiology: Feedback Control - Temperature and Other Vital Signs > Flashcards

Physiology: Feedback Control - Temperature and Other Vital Signs Flashcards

1
Q

normal pulse

A

60-100 bpm

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2
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/80 mmHg

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3
Q

normal respiratory rate

A

12-20 breaths per min

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4
Q

normal temperature

A

36.7*C

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5
Q

normal cap refill time

A

<2 secs

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6
Q

normal O2 sat

A

> 95%

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7
Q

what is the core body temperature maintained at

A

37.8*C

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8
Q

normothermia

A

normal body temp

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9
Q

what does increased/decreased body temp do to cellular metabolism

A

increased - increases metabolism

decreased - decreases metabolism

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10
Q

overheating may cause

A
  • protein denaturing
  • nerve malfunction
  • convulsions
  • death
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11
Q

what are the sites for monitoring body temp

A
  • tympanic
  • rectal
  • oral
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12
Q

what is the normal tympanic temp

A

35.5-37.5

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13
Q

what is the normal rectal temp

A

35.5-36.7

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14
Q

what affects oral temperature

A

food and drink

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15
Q

what can cause variability in body temp in general

A
  • diurnal
  • activity
  • emotions
  • exercise
  • exposure to extreme temps
  • menstration
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16
Q

what provides a basic level of metabolic heat and how

A

basal metabolic rate

oxidation of metabolic fuel from food

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17
Q

what can increase BMR

A

hormones

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18
Q

how does shivering affect temperature

A

increases heat production by increasing muscle activity

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19
Q

what type of fat does non-shivering themogenesis affect

A

brown fat

20
Q

describe conduction heat exchange

A

heat moves between objects in contact - hot to cold

21
Q

describe convection heat exchange

A

heat transfer by air/water currents away from the body to help carry heat away, air next to skin is warmed and rises, cooler air moves towards skin

22
Q

what effect does forced air movement across skin have (i.e. wind)

A

increases convection/conduction, increased heat carried away

23
Q

air trapping clothing increases or decreases conduction/convection

A

decreases

24
Q

describe radiation heat exchange

A

electromagnetic waves strike heat into another surface , the human body both absorbs and emits this

25
Q

describe evaporation heat transfer

A

energy converted into water i.e. vapur on skin/resp airway lining
leads to evaporative heat loss and cooling

26
Q

evaporative heat loss is active/passive and is controlled by what

A
  • active

- sympathetic nervous system

27
Q

how is temperature kept constant

A

negative feedback

28
Q

what are the effectors associated with temperature feedback loops

A

skeletal muscles, sweat glands, skin arterioles, behavioural adaptions

29
Q

what part of the hypothalmic centre is activated by cold

A

posterior

30
Q

what part of the hypothalmic centre is activated by heat

A

anterior

31
Q

where does the hypothalmic centre have connections to

A

neural connections with imbic neurons contorlling skeletal muscles and sympathetic nervous system

32
Q

what are the sympathetic responses to cold

A

vasoconstriction

33
Q

what are the motor responses to cold

A

increased muscle tone, shivering and voluntary movement

34
Q

what are the behavioural changes to cold

A

postural changes and warm clothing

35
Q

what are the sympathetic changes to heat

A

vasodilation and sweating

36
Q

what are the motor changes to heat

A

decreased muscle tone and voluntary movement

37
Q

what are the behavioural changes to heat

A

cool clothing

38
Q

what happens to the hypothalmic set point during fever

A

its raised

39
Q

how do macrophages effect body temperature

A

they release chemicals in response to infection/inflammation and act as endogenouspyrogens

40
Q

what is the role of prostaglandins in fever

A

they act in the thermoregulatory centre to reset the set point

41
Q

draw the flow chart about fever

A

**

42
Q

what happens to the fever flow chart if pyrogen release is reduced/stopped

A

prostaglandin synthesis is decreased/ceased and the hypothalmic set point is restored to normal

43
Q

when the hypothalmic set point is restored to normal what is initiated

A

the cold response

44
Q

what temperature is defined as hyperthermia and why does it happen

A

> 40*C

failure of heat regulating mechanisms

45
Q

what temperature is defined at hypothermia and why is it bad

A

<35*C

below temp needed for cellular metabolism and function

Principles (65 decks)

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