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Principles > Histology: Anatomy of the Cell > Flashcards

Histology: Anatomy of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

what is the composition of a cell (5)

A
  • water
  • protein
  • lipid
  • carbohydrate
  • inorganic
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2
Q

what type of cells have the most water

A

embryonic

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3
Q

what does the cytoskeleton of a cell determine and what is it made of

A
  • determines shape and fluidity

- made of thin, intermediate filaments and microtubules

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4
Q

what are inclusions

A

other structures in the cytoplasm, may or may not be membrane-bound

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5
Q

what kind of things are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

A

cholesterol, integral and peripheral proteins

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6
Q

what else is associated with a phospholipid (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail)

A
  • glycerol (but this is interchangeable)
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7
Q

function of mitochondria

A

energy production

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8
Q

function of rough ER

A

protein synthesis

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9
Q

function of smooth ER

A

cholesterol/lipid synthesis + detoxification

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10
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

modifications and packaging of secretions

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11
Q

function of lysosomes

A

hydrolytic enzymes of intracellular digestion

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12
Q

function of nuceus

A

contains genetic code

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13
Q

are inclusions permenant /dispensable and are there for a long/short time

A
  • dispensable

- short

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14
Q

how might an inclusion appear in a cell

A
  • synthesis by the cell

- taken in endocytotically

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15
Q

what are examples of inclusions

A

glycogen, pigment, lipid droplets, presecretion product

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16
Q

how do the different components of the cytoskeleton attach to the cell membrane and each other

A

anchoring and joining proteins

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17
Q

describe the features of microfilaments

A

fine strands of actin that can associate and dissociate

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18
Q

what do intermediate filaments do

A

bind intracellular elements together and to the cell membrane

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19
Q

where are neurofilaments from

A

nerve cells

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20
Q

where are glial fibrilliary acidic proteins from

A

glial cells of nervous systsem

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21
Q

where are desmins from

A

muscle cells

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22
Q

where are cytokeratins from

A

epithelial cells

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23
Q

where are vimentins from

A

mesenchymal cells

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24
Q

where are filasens from

A

lens of the eye

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25
Q

where are lamins from

A

nucelus of all cells

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26
Q

descibe the features of microtubules

A

hollow tubes of alternative alpha and beta tubulin subunits that can associate and dissociate

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27
Q

where do microtubules originate

A

centrosome - MTOC

28
Q

what are MAPs and what is their function

A

microtubule associated proteins - stabilising

29
Q

what structures are microtubules important in

A

cilia, flagella and mitotic spindle

30
Q

what are kinesin and dyesin and their functions

A

motor ATPases that attach to and move microtubules but can also ‘drag’ organelles and vesicles whilst moving

31
Q

what way does kinesin move stuff

A

towards periphery of the cell

32
Q

what way does dyenin move stuff

A

towards centre of the cell

33
Q

what is at the core of the MTOC and what is the core made of

A

centrioles - made of specialised microtubule segments

34
Q

what is the nucleus enclosed by

A

an inner and outer nucleur membrane making a nuclear envelope

35
Q

what allows the nucelus to be continuous with the cytoplasm

A

nucleur pores

36
Q

what allows the nucleur membrane to be continuous with the rough ER

A

its studded with ribosomes

37
Q

what allows the nucleus to be continuous with the smooth ER

A

perinucleur cisterna - holes between the membranes to the ER/golgi

38
Q

where are mRNA and tRNA transcribed

A

nucleus

39
Q

where is rRNA transcribes

A

nucleolus

40
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

dense area in the nucleus

41
Q

what is the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin

A

euchromatin is more dispersed and undergoing transcriptin whereas heterochromatin is more condensed and not undergoing transcription

42
Q

where are ribosomes formed and what are they made of

A
  • nucleolus

- small subunit that binds DNA and a larger subunit that binds that catalyses peptide bond formation

43
Q

what is the ER

A

network of interconnecting membrane bound compartments

44
Q

what is a polysome

A

cluster of ribosoomes held together by a strand of mRNA undergoing translation by each ribosome

45
Q

describe the rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes and its amount in the cell varies with cell activity

46
Q

what is rough ER associated with

A

protein synthesis and glycoprotein formation initiation

47
Q

describe the process of protein synthesis

A
  • free ribosome attaches to mRNA
  • ER signal peptide present, translation initiated and growing peptide inserted into a pore in rough ER
  • peptide forms in rough ER and signal sequence removes
  • ribosome detaches
  • most proteins go to smooth ER
48
Q

what occurs in the smooth ER

A
  • continues proccessing proetins

- role in lipid synthesis

49
Q

what is the structure of the golgi complex

A

group of flattened membrane bound cisternae (discs) arranged into sub-compartments

50
Q

what are the functions of the golgi apparatus

A
  • transports arriving vesicles from smooth and rough ER
  • modifies and packages macromolecules synthesis by ER
    • add sugars, cleave some proteins, sort into vesicles
51
Q

describe the layout of the mitochondria

A
  • inner and outer membranes

- inner membrane is folded into christae to increase SA

52
Q

what are the fucntions of the mitochondria

A
  • generates energy via oxidative phosphorylation

- synthesis some lipids and proteins

53
Q

describe mitochnodria DNA

A

circular and system for protein production

54
Q

what are the 3 types of intracellular junctions

A
  • anchoring
  • communicating
  • occluding
55
Q

what do occluding junctions do and where are they found

A
  • stop diffusion

- between adjacent cells

56
Q

what are the names for occluding junctions

A

zonula occludens/tight junctions

57
Q

what do zonula occludens do

A

join actin bundles of adjacent cells

58
Q

what do desmosomes do and what are they also known as

A
  • join adjacent cells via submembrane intermediate filaments

- macula adherens

59
Q

where are macula adherens common and what do they do there

A

skin - mechanical stability

60
Q

what is a junctional complex and where are they found

A

close association of several types of junctions, found in certain epithelial tissues

61
Q

what do communicating junctions do and how do they do this

A
  • allow selective diffusion between adjacent cells

- circular patch with pores allowing certain molecules through

62
Q

what are the pores in communicating junctions made from

A

connexon proteins

63
Q

what are communicating junctions also called and where are they found

A
  • gap junctions

- epithelia, smooth and cardiac muscle

64
Q

what are the types of transport in/out a cell

A
  • diffusion
  • transport proteins
  • vesicular transport (endocytosis/phagocytosis)
65
Q

how is endocytosis often mediated

A

receptors

Principles (65 decks)

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