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Principles > Histology: Diversity of Cells and Their Functions > Flashcards

Histology: Diversity of Cells and Their Functions Flashcards

1
Q

how is a tissue fixed and preserved

A

a chemical that cross-links proteins i.e. formalin is used

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2
Q

describe the process of creating a tissue slide

A
  • tissue is thinly sliced
  • tissue dehydrated and put in organic solvent and hot wax
  • microtome cuts thin slices
  • tissue put on slides, wax is washed out, tissue rehydrated and stains are put in
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3
Q

what are artefacts

A

distortions/changes from original tissue

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4
Q

what are the most common stains

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin (H and E)

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5
Q

Haematoxylin is _ and stains _ molecule turning them _

A

basic, acidic, blueish-purple

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6
Q

Eosin is _ and stains _ molecules turning them _

A

acidic, basic, pinkish-red

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7
Q

what usually stains with eosin

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

what are the 4 basic tissue types

A
  • epithelium
  • muscle
  • connective
  • nervous
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9
Q

what do epithelial cells do

A

cover body surfaces/line hollow organs and form many glands

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10
Q

what are the roles of connective tissue

A
  • development, growth and homeostasis of tissues

- energy storage (i.e. fat)

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11
Q

what is the role of muscle cells

A

generate force by contracting

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12
Q

what does nervous tissue consist of

A

neurons and supporting cells

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13
Q

what is the role of nervous tissue

A

control function and allow rapid communication wihtin the body

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14
Q

what is a basal lamina

A

layer of extracellular matrix components that epithelial cells are attached to

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15
Q

are epithelial cells vascular or non-vascular

A

non-vascular

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16
Q

where do epithelial cells get their nutrients

A

from capillaries in underlying tissues - nutrients diffuse across basal lamina

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17
Q

what are the functions of epithelial cells (8)

A
  • chemical barrier
  • locomotion
  • absorption
  • secretion.
  • mechanical barroer
  • containment
    minor - sensation and contractility
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18
Q

what are the 3 epithelial cell shapes

A
  • columnar
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
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19
Q

how many layers of epithelial cells in a:

  • simple
  • stratified
  • pseudostratified epithelium
A
  • simple - 1
  • stratified - 2+
  • pseudostratified - looks like multiple but all cells are in contact with basal lamina
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20
Q

what are the 3 specialisations of epithelium

A
  • keratinised
  • villi
  • microvilli (brush border)
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21
Q

what specialised cell may appear in epithelium and what is its function

A
  • goblet cell - single cell, mucous gland
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22
Q

what does glandular epithelium do

A

produce secretions i.e. milk, mucous, hormones, enzymes, oil

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23
Q

describe an endocrine gland

A
  • product secreted towards basal end of the cell
  • ductless
  • product distributed in vascular system
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24
Q

describe an expcrine gland

A
  • product secreted towards apical end of cell
  • into lumen of an internal space, a duct or a body surface
  • ducted
25
what are the 2/3 types of connective tissue and examples of each
- soft - dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments, mesentry - hard - bone and cartilage - lymph and blood - specialised form
26
what does connective tissue consist of (2)
- cells | - extracellular matrix
27
what is the extracellular matrix of connective tissues made of
- fibres - ground substance - tissue fluid
28
describe ground substance
jelly like substance with no particular shape containing glycosaminoglycosides (GAGs) - most are bound to protein cores making glycoproteins
29
what types of cells may be a part of connective tissue
- osteocytes - adipose - fibroblasts - chondrocytes
30
where would you find - adipose cells - chondrocytes - osteocytes
- adipose cells - in many tissues particularly adipose - chondrocytes - cartilage - osteocytes - bone
31
what is the type of connective tissue determined by
type and amount of the two components (cells and extracellular matrix)
32
what are the two types of soft connective tissue
loose and dense
33
describe loose connective tissue
loosely packed fibres seperated by lots of ground substance with many cells
34
decsribe dense connective tissue
densely packed collagen bundles, can be regular (fibres run the same way) or irregular (fibres run opposite ways)
35
what are the 2 types of hard connective tissue
- cartilage | - bone
36
desrcibe cartilage
- strong, flexible, compressible, semi-rigid as highly hydrated with ground substance - non-vascular, gets nutrients from adjacent tisses, diffuse through matrix
37
what are the 3 types of cartilage
- hyaline - elastic - fibrocartilage
38
where is hyaline cartilage found
- articular surfaces - tracheal rings - costal cartilages - epiphyseal growth plates
39
what are the 2 types of bone
- outer shell | - ends
40
describe the outer shell of bones
dense cortical bone, makes diaphysis
41
describe the epiphysis of bones
cancellous with trabecular - fine meshwork or red bone marrow with supporting rods
42
what are haversan canals
penetrate bone for blood vessels and nerves
43
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
- smooth - skeletal - cardiac
44
describe smooth muscle
involuntary/non-striated, mainly found in organs, elingated and spindle shaped fibres with a cigar shaped nucleus
45
describe skeletal muscle
voluntary/striated, giant, multinucleated - elongated and at periphery, cylindrical,
46
what is the cell memebrane of a muscle cell called
sarcolemma
47
describe cardiac muscle
less prominent striations, form majority of heart chamber walls, branch to form networks, single nucleus at centre, shorter than skeletal, contain intercalated discs
48
what are intercalated discs and why does cardiac muscle contain many
- sites of attachment between adjacent cells | - many for mechanical integrity
49
what is nervous tissue surrounded by and what is this called in the - CNS - PNS
connective tissue coat - CNS - meninges - PNS - epineurium
50
what are the 3 types of neurons
- multipolar - bipolar - pseudounipolar
51
describe a multipolar neurone
one axon, many dendrites
52
describe a bipolar neruone
one axon, one dendrite
53
describe a pseudounipolar neurone
short process with and axon in both directions
54
what glial cells are in the CNS
- astrocytes - oligodendocytes - microglia
55
what glial cells are in the PNS
- schwann cells
56
what are astrocytes function
support, allow ion movement, induce BBB
57
function of oligodendrocytes
produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord
58
function of microglia
immune surveillance
59
function of schwann cells
produce myelin and support axons

Principles (65 decks)

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