Anatomy: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
the axial skeleton contains bones of the
- skull
- neck (incl. cervical vertebrae and hyoid)
- trunk (chest, abdomen and back)
the appendicular skeleton contains bones of the
- pectoral girdle (bones that connect to arms)
- upper limbs
- pelvic girdle
- lower limbs
1 long bone on the arm
humerous
2 long bones in forearm
radius and ulnar
bones in wrist
carpals
bones in palm
metacarpals
bones in fingers
phalanges
long bone in thigh
femur
2 long bones in leg
tibia and fibula
bones in hind/midfoot
tarsals
bones in forefoot
metatarsals
bones in toes
phalanges
when do bony features develop
during bone growth
why do bony features develop (3)
- functional - best shape for job
- adjacent structure applies force on bone and moulds it accordingly
- adjacent structure develops at same time and bone has to grow around it
bone is made of
hard connective tissue
functions of bone (4)
- support and protection
- Ca2+ metabolism
- RBC formation
- attachment for skeletal muscles
cartilage is located where _ is needed, therefore _
- mobility
- articulations (joints)
where does movement of the skeleton occur and how
- joints
- via skeletal muscle contraction
what are the three classifications of joints
- synovial
- cartilaginous
- fibrous
if a joint has increased mobility it has decreased _
stability
joint nerves sensory receptors detect (4)
- pain
- touch
- temperature
- proprioception
what is proprioception
joint position sense
where are periarticular anastamoses
around the joint
why are dislocations dangerous
compromises blood supply distal to joint
where are skeletal muscles found
deep to deep fascia
skeletal muscles are covered in a
tough, fibrous connective tissue
the longer muscles are the greater potential they have for
range of shortening and movement
what re the 5 types of skeletal muscle
- pennate
- fusiform
- circular
- quadrate
- flatus/aponeurosis
what shape is a pennate muscle
feather, inserts into tendon at angle
what shape is a fusiform muscle
big belly and tapers at either end
what shape is a flatus/aponeurosis muscle
flattened
what are the two points of attachment of a skeletal muscle to bone called
- origin
- insertion
what attaches muscle to bone
tendon
are tendons contractile
no
whats an aponeurosis
flattened tendon
aponeurosis are associated with what type of muscles and typically attach to what
- flat
- soft tissue
what surface of a joint determines its possible movement
articular
how would you carry out a clinical examination of a muscle
ask the patient to move them in a certain way or test reflexes
what are the two types of reflexes
- protective
- automatic
what is a protective reflex
rapid, involuntary but predictable movement against danger
what is an automatic reflex
movement made unconsciously to the nervous system and muscles
what are the two types of reflexes involving skeletal muscles
- stretch
- flexion withdrawal
describe a flexion withdrawal reflex
sudden flexion to withdraw from potential danger
nerve connections during reflexes are made at _ level
spinal cord
what muscles participate in stretch reflexes
biceps, triceps, knee, ankle
describe a stretch reflex
something causes the muscle to stretch via its tendon (i.e. tendon hammer), there is a reflex contraction resulting in a brief twitch in the muscle belly
what do stretch reflexes protect against
overstretching
describe the reflex arc route taken by an AP
sensory nerve (detects stretch) -> tells spinal cord -> synapse (at neuromuscular junction) -> motor nerve -> muscle contraction
whats a neuromuscular junction
where motor nerve communicates with the skeletal muscle
muscle paralysis
muscle doesn’t have a functioning motor nerve
on examination a paralysed muscle with have _ tone
decreased
muscle spasticity
muscle has intact and working motor nerve but descending controls from Brain don’t work
a spastic muscle on examination will have _ tone
increased
what does a normal exam of a skeletal muscle indicate
normally functioning:
- muscle
- sensory and motor fibres
- descending controls from brain
- neuromuscular junction
- spinal cord connecting
muscle atrophy
myocytes become smaller, decrease in muscle bulk
muscle hypertrophy
each myocyte enlarges and therefore skeletal muscle overall enlarges
