Anatomy: Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

the axial skeleton contains bones of the

Answer 1

• skull
• neck (incl. cervical vertebrae and hyoid)
• trunk (chest, abdomen and back)

Question 2

the appendicular skeleton contains bones of the

Answer 2

• pectoral girdle (bones that connect to arms)
• upper limbs
• pelvic girdle
• lower limbs

Question 3

1 long bone on the arm

Answer 3

humerous

Question 4

2 long bones in forearm

Answer 4

radius and ulnar

Question 5

bones in wrist

Answer 5

carpals

Question 6

bones in palm

Answer 6

metacarpals

Question 7

bones in fingers

Answer 7

phalanges

Question 8

long bone in thigh

Answer 8

femur

Question 9

2 long bones in leg

Answer 9

tibia and fibula

Question 10

bones in hind/midfoot

Answer 10

tarsals

Question 11

bones in forefoot

Answer 11

metatarsals

Question 12

bones in toes

Answer 12

phalanges

Question 13

when do bony features develop

Answer 13

during bone growth

Question 14

why do bony features develop (3)

Answer 14

• functional - best shape for job
• adjacent structure applies force on bone and moulds it accordingly
• adjacent structure develops at same time and bone has to grow around it

Question 15

bone is made of

Answer 15

hard connective tissue

Question 16

functions of bone (4)

Answer 16

• support and protection
• Ca2+ metabolism
• RBC formation
• attachment for skeletal muscles

Question 17

cartilage is located where _ is needed, therefore _

Answer 17

• mobility

- articulations (joints)

Question 18

where does movement of the skeleton occur and how

Answer 18

• joints

- via skeletal muscle contraction

Question 19

what are the three classifications of joints

Answer 19

• synovial
• cartilaginous
• fibrous

Question 20

if a joint has increased mobility it has decreased _

Answer 20

stability

Question 21

joint nerves sensory receptors detect (4)

Answer 21

• pain
• touch
• temperature
• proprioception

Question 22

what is proprioception

Answer 22

joint position sense

Question 23

where are periarticular anastamoses

Answer 23

around the joint

Question 24

why are dislocations dangerous

Answer 24

compromises blood supply distal to joint

Question 25

where are skeletal muscles found

Answer 25

deep to deep fascia

Question 26

skeletal muscles are covered in a

Answer 26

tough, fibrous connective tissue

Question 27

the longer muscles are the greater potential they have for

Answer 27

range of shortening and movement

Question 28

what re the 5 types of skeletal muscle

Answer 28

- pennate - fusiform - circular - quadrate - flatus/aponeurosis

Question 29

what shape is a pennate muscle

Answer 29

feather, inserts into tendon at angle

Question 30

what shape is a fusiform muscle

Answer 30

big belly and tapers at either end

Question 31

what shape is a flatus/aponeurosis muscle

Answer 31

flattened

Question 32

what are the two points of attachment of a skeletal muscle to bone called

Answer 32

- origin | - insertion

Question 33

what attaches muscle to bone

Answer 33

tendon

Question 34

are tendons contractile

Answer 34

no

Question 35

whats an aponeurosis

Answer 35

flattened tendon

Question 36

aponeurosis are associated with what type of muscles and typically attach to what

Answer 36

- flat | - soft tissue

Question 37

what surface of a joint determines its possible movement

Answer 37

articular

Question 38

how would you carry out a clinical examination of a muscle

Answer 38

ask the patient to move them in a certain way or test reflexes

Question 39

what are the two types of reflexes

Answer 39

- protective | - automatic

Question 40

what is a protective reflex

Answer 40

rapid, involuntary but predictable movement against danger

Question 41

what is an automatic reflex

Answer 41

movement made unconsciously to the nervous system and muscles

Question 42

what are the two types of reflexes involving skeletal muscles

Answer 42

- stretch | - flexion withdrawal

Question 43

describe a flexion withdrawal reflex

Answer 43

sudden flexion to withdraw from potential danger

Question 44

nerve connections during reflexes are made at _ level

Answer 44

spinal cord

Question 45

what muscles participate in stretch reflexes

Answer 45

biceps, triceps, knee, ankle

Question 46

describe a stretch reflex

Answer 46

something causes the muscle to stretch via its tendon (i.e. tendon hammer), there is a reflex contraction resulting in a brief twitch in the muscle belly

Question 47

what do stretch reflexes protect against

Answer 47

overstretching

Question 48

describe the reflex arc route taken by an AP

Answer 48

sensory nerve (detects stretch) -> tells spinal cord -> synapse (at neuromuscular junction) -> motor nerve -> muscle contraction

Question 49

whats a neuromuscular junction

Answer 49

where motor nerve communicates with the skeletal muscle

Question 50

muscle paralysis

Answer 50

muscle doesn't have a functioning motor nerve

Question 51

on examination a paralysed muscle with have _ tone

Answer 51

decreased

Question 52

muscle spasticity

Answer 52

muscle has intact and working motor nerve but descending controls from Brain don't work

Question 53

a spastic muscle on examination will have _ tone

Answer 53

increased

Question 54

what does a normal exam of a skeletal muscle indicate

Answer 54

normally functioning: - muscle - sensory and motor fibres - descending controls from brain - neuromuscular junction - spinal cord connecting

Question 55

muscle atrophy

Answer 55

myocytes become smaller, decrease in muscle bulk

Question 56

muscle hypertrophy

Answer 56

each myocyte enlarges and therefore skeletal muscle overall enlarges