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Principles > Anatomy: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Anatomy: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

the axial skeleton contains bones of the

A
  • skull
  • neck (incl. cervical vertebrae and hyoid)
  • trunk (chest, abdomen and back)
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2
Q

the appendicular skeleton contains bones of the

A
  • pectoral girdle (bones that connect to arms)
  • upper limbs
  • pelvic girdle
  • lower limbs
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3
Q

1 long bone on the arm

A

humerous

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4
Q

2 long bones in forearm

A

radius and ulnar

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5
Q

bones in wrist

A

carpals

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6
Q

bones in palm

A

metacarpals

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7
Q

bones in fingers

A

phalanges

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8
Q

long bone in thigh

A

femur

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9
Q

2 long bones in leg

A

tibia and fibula

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10
Q

bones in hind/midfoot

A

tarsals

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11
Q

bones in forefoot

A

metatarsals

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12
Q

bones in toes

A

phalanges

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13
Q

when do bony features develop

A

during bone growth

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14
Q

why do bony features develop (3)

A
  • functional - best shape for job
  • adjacent structure applies force on bone and moulds it accordingly
  • adjacent structure develops at same time and bone has to grow around it
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15
Q

bone is made of

A

hard connective tissue

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16
Q

functions of bone (4)

A
  • support and protection
  • Ca2+ metabolism
  • RBC formation
  • attachment for skeletal muscles
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17
Q

cartilage is located where _ is needed, therefore _

A
  • mobility

- articulations (joints)

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18
Q

where does movement of the skeleton occur and how

A
  • joints

- via skeletal muscle contraction

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19
Q

what are the three classifications of joints

A
  • synovial
  • cartilaginous
  • fibrous
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20
Q

if a joint has increased mobility it has decreased _

A

stability

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21
Q

joint nerves sensory receptors detect (4)

A
  • pain
  • touch
  • temperature
  • proprioception
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22
Q

what is proprioception

A

joint position sense

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23
Q

where are periarticular anastamoses

A

around the joint

24
Q

why are dislocations dangerous

A

compromises blood supply distal to joint

25
Q

where are skeletal muscles found

A

deep to deep fascia

26
Q

skeletal muscles are covered in a

A

tough, fibrous connective tissue

27
Q

the longer muscles are the greater potential they have for

A

range of shortening and movement

28
Q

what re the 5 types of skeletal muscle

A
  • pennate
  • fusiform
  • circular
  • quadrate
  • flatus/aponeurosis
29
Q

what shape is a pennate muscle

A

feather, inserts into tendon at angle

30
Q

what shape is a fusiform muscle

A

big belly and tapers at either end

31
Q

what shape is a flatus/aponeurosis muscle

A

flattened

32
Q

what are the two points of attachment of a skeletal muscle to bone called

A
  • origin

- insertion

33
Q

what attaches muscle to bone

A

tendon

34
Q

are tendons contractile

A

no

35
Q

whats an aponeurosis

A

flattened tendon

36
Q

aponeurosis are associated with what type of muscles and typically attach to what

A
  • flat

- soft tissue

37
Q

what surface of a joint determines its possible movement

A

articular

38
Q

how would you carry out a clinical examination of a muscle

A

ask the patient to move them in a certain way or test reflexes

39
Q

what are the two types of reflexes

A
  • protective

- automatic

40
Q

what is a protective reflex

A

rapid, involuntary but predictable movement against danger

41
Q

what is an automatic reflex

A

movement made unconsciously to the nervous system and muscles

42
Q

what are the two types of reflexes involving skeletal muscles

A
  • stretch

- flexion withdrawal

43
Q

describe a flexion withdrawal reflex

A

sudden flexion to withdraw from potential danger

44
Q

nerve connections during reflexes are made at _ level

A

spinal cord

45
Q

what muscles participate in stretch reflexes

A

biceps, triceps, knee, ankle

46
Q

describe a stretch reflex

A

something causes the muscle to stretch via its tendon (i.e. tendon hammer), there is a reflex contraction resulting in a brief twitch in the muscle belly

47
Q

what do stretch reflexes protect against

A

overstretching

48
Q

describe the reflex arc route taken by an AP

A

sensory nerve (detects stretch) -> tells spinal cord -> synapse (at neuromuscular junction) -> motor nerve -> muscle contraction

49
Q

whats a neuromuscular junction

A

where motor nerve communicates with the skeletal muscle

50
Q

muscle paralysis

A

muscle doesn’t have a functioning motor nerve

51
Q

on examination a paralysed muscle with have _ tone

A

decreased

52
Q

muscle spasticity

A

muscle has intact and working motor nerve but descending controls from Brain don’t work

53
Q

a spastic muscle on examination will have _ tone

A

increased

54
Q

what does a normal exam of a skeletal muscle indicate

A

normally functioning:

  • muscle
  • sensory and motor fibres
  • descending controls from brain
  • neuromuscular junction
  • spinal cord connecting
55
Q

muscle atrophy

A

myocytes become smaller, decrease in muscle bulk

56
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A

each myocyte enlarges and therefore skeletal muscle overall enlarges

Principles (65 decks)

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