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Principles > Anatomy: Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of motor function

A

voluntary, involuntary

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2
Q

skeletal muscle movement is (voluntary/involuntary)

A

voluntary

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3
Q

what are involuntary motor functions

A

smooth and cardiac muscle, glands

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4
Q

what are the two anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system

A
  • central nervous system

- peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

what makes up the central nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, central controller

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6
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

nerve tissue NOT associated with the CNS - spinal nerves, cranial nerves, autonomic nerves

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7
Q

what nerves make up autonomic nerves

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, visceral afferents

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8
Q

where do autonomic nerves supply

A

organs, smooth muscle, glands

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9
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies

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10
Q

what is a bundle of axons called in the CNS

A

tract

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11
Q

what is a bundle of axons called in the PNS

A

nerve

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12
Q

where do dendrites come off of

A

nerve cell body

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13
Q

what surrounds nerve axons and what is its function

A
  • myelin sheath

- insulation

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14
Q

what makes up a peripheral nerve

A

bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue

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15
Q

bundles leave peripheral nerves as

A

branches

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16
Q

what are the 6 modalities an AP can be conducted as

A
  • somatic sensory
  • somatic motor
  • special sensory
  • visceral afferent
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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17
Q

axons can either be: all from the same modality or mixed - true/false

A

true

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18
Q

an efferent is a _ nerve and goes towards

A
  • motor

- body wall, structure or organ

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19
Q

an afferent is a _ nerve and goes towards

A
  • sensory

- brain

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20
Q

what is the cortex of the brain

A

outermost later of cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

the cortex consists of

A

sulci and gyrus

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22
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves surrounding gyrus

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23
Q

gyrus

A

ridge-like elevation of cerebral cortex

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24
Q

name the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A
  • occipital
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • frontal
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25
Q

name CN I

A

olfactory

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26
Q

name CN II

A

optic

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27
Q

name CN III

A

oculomotor

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28
Q

name CN IV

A

trochlear

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29
Q

name CN V

A

trigeminal

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30
Q

name CN VI

A

abducent

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31
Q

name CN VII

A

facial

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32
Q

name CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear

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33
Q

name CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal

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34
Q

name CN X

A

vagus

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35
Q

name CN XI

A

spinal accessory

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36
Q

name CN XII

A

hypoglossal

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37
Q

what is the acronym for the CN modality

A 
Some 
Say 
Marry 
Money 
But 
My 
Big 
Brother 
Says 
Big 
Boobs 
Matter 
More
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38
Q

what is the big foramen in the skull called

A

foramen magnum

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39
Q

describe the course of a cranial nerve

A

CNS part of course -> intracranial part of course -> exit via foramen -> extracranial part of course

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40
Q

where does the spinal cord connects to and pass through

A

connects to the brain through foramen magnum

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41
Q

how is the spinal cord connected

A

vertebral canal

42
Q

name the 4 segments of the vertebral canal

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral/coccygeal
43
Q

how many vertebrae does the cervical section of the vertebral column have

A

8 - C1-C8

44
Q

how many vertebrae does the thoracic section of the vertebral column have

A

12 - T1-T12

45
Q

how many vertebrae does the lumbar section of the vertebral column have

A

5 - L1-L5

46
Q

how many vertebrae does the sacral section of the vertebral column have

A

5 - S1-S5

47
Q

how many vertebrae does the coccygeal section of the vertebral column have

A

1 - C0

48
Q

what are the two enlargements of the vertebral column

A

cervical and lumbosacral

49
Q

at what level does the spinal cord end and what is it called

A
  • inferiorly at L1/2

- conus medullaris

50
Q

the adult vertebral column is shorter than the spinal cord - true/false

A

false

51
Q

what does the spinal cord become when it ends

A

cauda equina

52
Q

how do lumbar and sacral spinal nerves reach their respective foramen

A

they have to descend in the vertebral column

53
Q

how many vertebrae are there overall

A

33

54
Q

how many vertebrae does each section of the vertebral column have

A 
C7 
T12
L5
S5
Co4
55
Q

what is special about the sacral vertebrae

A

they are fused to form 1 sacrum but still have foramen

56
Q

what is special about the coccygeal vertebrae

A

they are fused to form 1 coccyx

57
Q

how are spinal nerves named and whats the exception

A

named according to the vertebrae above it, except that of the cervical region where they are named according to the one below it

58
Q

where does the C8 spinal nerve exit

A

between C7 and L1

59
Q

where do spinal nerves supple

A

soma

60
Q

spinal nerves are only located where

A

within the intervertebral foramen

61
Q

from foramen where do spinal nerves connect to via what

A
  • spinal cord via roots and rootlets

- soma via rami

62
Q

where do the posterior rami supply

A

a small posterior strip of soma

63
Q

where do anterior rami supply

A

rest of the posterior, lateral and anterior strip of soma

64
Q

how do spinal rami supply the limbs and what type of rami

A

via plexus

- anterior

65
Q

dermatome

A

strip of skin supplied by anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves (bilateral)

66
Q

T4 dermatome

A

male nipple

67
Q

T10 dermatome

A

umbilicus

68
Q

nerve plexuses

A

networks of intertwined anterior rami (or nerves)

69
Q

what spinal nerves are in the cervical plexus and where does it supply

A

C1-C4

posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm

70
Q

what spinal nerves are in the brachial plexus and where does it supply

A

C5-T1

upper limb

71
Q

what spinal nerves are in the lumbar plexus and where does it supply

A

L1-L4

lower limb

72
Q

what spinal nerves are in the sacral plexus and where does it supply

A

L5-S4

lower limb, gluteal region, perineum

73
Q

what are the two functional subdivisions of the nervous system

A
  • somatic nervous system

- autonomic nervous system

74
Q

what does the soma include

A

head, neck and chest walls, diaphragm, back, abdominal and pelvic walls, limbs

75
Q

what structures are included in the soma

A

skin, fascia, skeletal muscles, skeleton, internal lining of body cavities

76
Q

what does the somatic nervous system innervate and sense

A

soma and external environment

77
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system supply and sense

A

visceral motor system and internal environment

78
Q

where does the autonomic nervous system supply

A

viscera, glands, smooth and cardiac muscle, external lining of organs

79
Q

what structures are included in the autonomic nervous system

A
  • internal organs in body cavities - chest, pelvic, abdominal
  • body wall organs - sweat glands, arrector smooth muscles, arterioles
80
Q

what are the three types of receptors in the body wall

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors

81
Q

what do mechanoreceptors sense

A

coarse and fine touch, vibration, proprioception

82
Q

what do nociceptors sense (describe how its felt)

A
  • pain

- sharp, stabbing, well-localised

83
Q

describe how an AP is conducted via somatic sensory nerves

A
  • receptors at dermatome stimulated
  • APs conducted along anterior ramus
  • APs conducted via posterior root ganglions
  • APs arrive at posterior horn of the spinal cord segment
  • APs cross over midline and ascend to brain
84
Q

describe how a motor AP is conducted

A
  • somatic motor axons cross over in brainstem and descend to anterior horn
  • APs conducted along axons in anterior rootlets -> roots -> spinal nerves
  • APs conducted along named nerves plexus
  • APs synapse and produce movement
85
Q

reflexes are _ and miss out the _

A

rapid, brain

86
Q

describe the course a reflex AP takes

A

sensed -> spinal nerve -> P roots -> A rootlets -> spinal nerve -> motor function

87
Q

the actions of the autonomic nervous system are (voluntary/involuntary)

A

involuntary

88
Q

the ANS’ sensory neurones are _ and its motor neurones are _

A
  • visceral afferents

- visceral efferents

89
Q

most autonomic organs contain both

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic neurones

90
Q

ANS motor neurones contain both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones - this is called

A

dual motor control

91
Q

what are the types of pain sensed by visceral afferents

A
  • ischaemic (decreased blood flow)

- colicky (obstruction)

92
Q

how is visceral pain descrived

A

dull, achy, nauseating, poorly localised

93
Q

colicky pain is different in that

A

it can be sharp/localised and referred to the body wall

94
Q

where does the sympathetic division of the ANS supply

A

internal and body wall organs, arterioles

95
Q

the sympathetic nervous system is also known as

A

fight or flight

96
Q

describe the route of a sympathetic nerve

A
  • originates in the autonomic centres in brain
  • passes down the spinal cord exiting at T1-L2 with spinal nerves and anterior roots and rootlets
  • paravertebral ganglion in the sympathetic trunk
  • then passes into all spinal nerves and runs with A/P rami, artery or splanchnic nerve to organ
97
Q

why do sympathetic nerves exit at T1-L2

A

only T1-L2 vertebrae have lateral horns for cell bodies on synaptic sympathetic neurones

98
Q

where does the parasympathetic nervous system supply

A

same internal organs as sympathetic however not body wall organs or arterioles

99
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system is also known as

A

rest and digest - return to homeostasis

100
Q

describe parasympathetic outflow

A
  • leave CNS via CNs III, VII, IX, X and sacral spinal nerves
  • ganglia in head goes to lacrimal and salivary glands
  • CN X (vagus) supplies organs of neck, chest and abdomen as far as the midgut
  • sacral spinal nerves carry P nerves to axons in the hindgut, pelvis and perineum
101
Q

craniosacral outflow

A

parasympathetic nerves leaving via cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves

Principles (65 decks)

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