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Principles > Biochemistry: Intro 1+2 > Flashcards

Biochemistry: Intro 1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

electronegativity

A

attractive force an atomic nucleus has on electrons within a bond

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2
Q

de/phosphorylation

A

-/+ of a phosphate

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3
Q

acetylation

A

+ of C=O

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4
Q

carboxylation

A

+ of COOH

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5
Q

where does carboxylation usually occur

A

at the end of a molecule due to its reactive centre

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6
Q

esterification

A

carboxyl and hydroxyl group join creating a COO group and water

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7
Q

what is esterification used for

A

altering biomolecule properties as its relatively stable

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8
Q

condenstaion

A

polymerisation, water released

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9
Q

hydrolysis

A

depolymerisation, water needed

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10
Q

what is a redox reaction

A

one molecule oxidised, other reduced

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11
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons

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12
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

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13
Q

in this reaction AH + B <=> A + BH which is

  • oxidised/reduced
  • the oxidising/reducing agent
A
  • AH is oxidised, B is reduced

- AH is reducing agent, B is oxidising agent

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14
Q

what are the 5 oxidation states of carbon from most reduced -> most oxidised

A

alkanes -> alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid -> CO2

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15
Q
  • methyl group
  • methylene group
  • carbonyl group
  • amino group
  • amide group
  • aldehyde group
  • phosphates
A
  • CH3
  • CH2
  • C=O
  • NH2
  • CNO
  • CHO
  • POOOOHH
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16
Q

what molecules store information

A

DNA, RNA, NADPH/NADH+

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17
Q

what processes generate energy

A
  • citric acid cycle
  • glycolysis
  • electron transport chain
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18
Q

types of lipids

A
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
19
Q

monosaccharide - example and what it is

A
  • glucose

- single ringed structure

20
Q

disaccharides - examples and what it is

A
  • sucrose, maltose, lactose

- 2 monosaccharides

21
Q

polysaccharides - examples and what it is

A
  • glycogen, cellulose

- many monosaccharides

22
Q

what are polysaccharides used for

A

storage and rapid energy conversion

23
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy can neither be created or destroyed

24
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

no energy conversion is 100% efficient, some become unavailable to do work

25
Q

entropy

A

free energy tends towards an unusable state after multiple transformations

26
Q

change in enthalpy (ΔH)

A

change in heat content

27
Q

change in entropy (ΔS)

A

degree of disorder

28
Q

equations for change in free energy (ΔG)

A
  • ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

- ΔG = products - reactants

29
Q

what is an exergonic reaction

A

free energy of products is less than that of reactants
(ΔG = -ve)
occurs spontaneously

30
Q

what is an endergonic reaction

A

free energy of products is more than that of reactants
(ΔG = +ve)
won’t occur spomtaneously

31
Q

what is the equation for ΔG for any reaction and what do the symbols stand for

A

ΔG = ΔG’ + RTln([products]/[reactants])
ΔG’ - free energy under standard conditions
R - universal gas constant, -8.3Jkmol-1
T - temp in kelvin
ln - natural log

32
Q

what is the relation of ΔG to equilibrium

A

the further towards completion equilibrium is the more free entry is released

33
Q

ΔG values near 0 are characteristic of what type of reactions

A

readily reversible ones

34
Q

what is Keq in a reaction (equation for it)

A

= [products]/[reactants]

35
Q

what is the reaction for ΔG when ΔG=0

A

ΔG*’ = -RTlnKeq

36
Q

how are unfavourable cellular processes driven

A

by being coupled to highly favourable processes

37
Q

why is ATP used as energy currency

A

ATP breakdown is very -ve and therefore releases a lot of free energy, its very favourable and can be coupled to many processes

38
Q

why is ATP less stable than ADP and how is the strain removed

A
  • the -ve charges close together in ATP anhydride bonds makes strong electronegative repulsions
  • by removing 1+ phosphates
39
Q

how is ATP regenerated quickly

A
  • hydrolysis using creatine phosphate to ADP

- via ATP + AMP 2ADP

40
Q

metabolism

A

all reactions taking place in the body

41
Q

catabolism

A

brekadown of complex molecules to simpler ones releasing energy

42
Q

anabolism

A

making complex molecules form smaller ones using energy

43
Q

what types of reactions are useful control points in metabolic pathways and why

A
  • those with large -ΔG values

- theyre not close to equilibrium and therefore the reaction can be controlled

44
Q

control points in metabolic pathways are controlled via

A

altering the activity of enzymes involved

Principles (65 decks)

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