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STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the structure of organs and tissues within an animal

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

the function of those organs and tissues

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3
Q

What is the common integument?

A

the skin

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4
Q

What are the seven function of the skin?

A

protection, immune defense, tactile sensing of the environment, thermoregulation, storage and excretion, communication and camouflage, selective permeability

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5
Q

Mechanoreceptors?

A

respond to physical stimulation

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6
Q

Bulbous corpuscle?

A

(Ruffini ending) sense when the skin stretches

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7
Q

Bulboid corpuscle?

A

(Krause end bulb) - sense coldness

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8
Q

Tactile corpuscle?

A

(Meissner corpuscle) Change in texture and slow vibrations

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9
Q

Lamella corpuscle?

A

(Pacinian corpuscle) pressure and fast vibrations

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10
Q

Discoid terminal free nerve ending?

A

(Merkel disc) sustained during touch and pressure

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11
Q

Three types of receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors

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12
Q

Nociceptors?

A

free nerve endings can act as nociceptors, pain

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13
Q

Thermoreceptors?

A

free nerve endings, heat specific ones and cold specific ones

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14
Q

What internal parameters do animals need to control?

A

temp, pH, electrolytes, water, blood gases (O2 CO2) Blood pressure and cardiovascular functions, hormonal responses etc.

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15
Q

What temperatures do biological processes require?

A

optimum temps

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16
Q

Endotherms?

A

derive heat from internal metabolic processes

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17
Q

Homeotherms?

A

maintain internal temperature within a narrow range

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18
Q

If you are an endotherm, you are also a?

A

homeotherm

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19
Q

Ectotherms?

A

derive heat from external environment sources e,g. basking

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20
Q

Poikilotherms?

A

variable temperature as unable to maintain internally

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21
Q

Animals that are ecotherms are also?

A

poikilotherms

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22
Q

Mammals and birds are what type of ‘therm’?

A

Homeotherms

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23
Q

too cold?

A

HYPOthermia

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24
Q

Hypothermia?

A

mild –> 32-37
moderate –> 28-32
severe –> <28
(these values are for exposure related hypothermia)

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25
Q

Too hot?

A

HYPERthermia

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26
Q

hyperthermia?

A

mild/moderate–> 39.4-41
Severe –> >41

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27
Q

hyperthermia signs?

A

central nervous system signs - multi organ failure - death

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28
Q

How is any complex maintained?

A

control centre
supply of info
communication
effectors
responses

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29
Q

effectors?

A

muscles/glands

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30
Q

Control centre in the body?

A

Hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre
(dorsal to pituitary gland)

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31
Q

What do afferent nerves do?

A

come to the brain
Sensory inputs from the body to the hypothalamus

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32
Q

Where do you have thermoreceptors?

A

In skin, in internal organs, in spinal cord, in hypothalamus itself

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33
Q

Types of thermoreceptors in skin?

A

hot and cold

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34
Q

Efferent nerves?

A

outputs from the hypothalamus to the body

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35
Q

Efferent outputs cause?

A

changes in behaviour, blood flow, other physiological responses, hormones

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36
Q

Thermoregulation is different but…

A

complementary for heat and cold stress

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37
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system made up of?

A

sympathetic nervous system
Primary route
Parasympathetic nervous system

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38
Q

sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight and flight

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39
Q

What increases or decreases the activity to different effectors?

A

the primary route to effectors in thermoregulation

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40
Q

parasympathetic nervous system?

A

rest and digest
some involvement in normal thermoregulation

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41
Q

How can an animal lose or gain heat?

A

smooth muscle within walls of blood vessels:
Dilate - blood vessels to increase blood flow if hot
Constrict - blood vessels to decrease blood flow if cold

42
Q

How can an animal lose or gain heat? (2)

A

arrector pili muscles (smooth)
- contract to lift hairs/feathers
-relax to lower hairs/feathers

43
Q

How can an animal lose or gain heat? (3)

A

Sweat gland activation
- increase secretions to skin surface for evaporation

44
Q

How can an animal lose or gain heat? (4)

A

Panting - change in breathing pattern to increase airflow over moist mucosal surfaces for evaporation - no gas exchange occurs here

45
Q

How can an animal lose or gain heat? (4) GIVE 2

A

shivering
behavioural changes (e.g. huddling together)

46
Q

What information does the hypothalamus receive (and where from) about the temperature?

A

receives sensory information about temperature from skin surface, internal organs and itself

47
Q

If temperature increases?

A

physiology does what it can to reduce it again

48
Q

If temp decreases?

A

physiology does what it can to increase it again

49
Q

How does the hypothalamus maintain its temperature set point?

A

through sensory and hormonal outputs

50
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

a negative feedback mechanism

51
Q

Fever or pyrexia?

A

a reset of the hypothalamic set point to a higher temperature

52
Q

What does fever/pyrexia enhance?

A

it enhances leucocyte (white blood cell) function to help fight infection

53
Q

The hypothalamus has a heat loss centre - what does this do?

A

detects higher than set points - so starts process of heat loss

54
Q

When temperature is corrected, what happens?

A

the heat loss centre switches off and in the opposite case, the heat conservation centre switches off

55
Q

The hypothalamus has a heat conservation centre, what does this do?

A

it detects lower than set point so starts process of conserving/generating heat

56
Q

What is a by-product of all metabolic processes?

A

heat

57
Q

eventually all food energy is converted into…

A

heat, either directly or via exercise, eating and muscle contraction

58
Q

how does exercise produce heat?

A

work done converted to heat energy

59
Q

how does eating produce heat?

A

supply of energy, but also digestion is work

60
Q

how does muscle contraction produce heat? (shivering)

A

as a means of increasing metabolic heat in response to a drop in temp where antagonistic muscles produce no useful work

61
Q

hormones –>

A

longer term, chronic

62
Q

Brown adipose tissue?

A

a form of non-shivering thermogenesis

63
Q

muscle contraction is:

A

shivering thermogenesis

64
Q

non shivering thermogenesis?

A

produces more body heat from metabolic sources of energy

65
Q

what is the special type of fat in neonatal mammals?

A

brown adipose

66
Q

using fat reserves?

A

rewatcj lecture

67
Q

thyroxine?

A

lecture

68
Q

what animal does not have brown adipose tissue?

A

PIGS

69
Q

what gene did pigs lose meaning that they don’t have brown adipose tissue?

A

lots the UCP1 gene - 20 million years ago

70
Q

What is brown adipose tissue predominantly in?

A

neonates

71
Q

describe neonates SA:V ratio?

A

larger surface area to volume ratio

72
Q

Describe which animals have brown adipose tissue?

A

in small hibernating mammals in adulthood

73
Q

Why does brown adipose tissue have a darker colour?

A

due to higher density of mitochindria with cytochrome (iron-containing) pigments

74
Q

what does brown adipose tissue contain?

A

smaller numerous lipid droplets

75
Q

where is brown adipose tissue located?

A

located in subcutaneous region between scapulae and around kidneys and myocardium

76
Q

What does the presence of lipids in close proximity to many mitochondria allow in brown adipose tissue?

A

facilitates rapid transfer of stored energy into heat energy

77
Q

What is brown adipose tissue stimulated by?

A

both circulating catecholaminbes and norepinephrine secreted by sympathetic nerve endings

78
Q

HOW DO ANIMALS LOSE HEAT?

A
79
Q

Where is most body heat produced?

A

in metabolically active organs and tissues: liver and muscles

80
Q

What part of the body are good insulators?

A

tissues - so they hold onto heat and the heat needs to be taken away

81
Q

Where is heat carried?

A

in the warm blood

82
Q

Why do blood vessels dilate?

A

to allow more blood to flow through and release more heat

83
Q

Why do blood vessels constrict?

A

to reduce blood flow and retain more heat

84
Q

What nervous system regulates heat loss? (via blood vessels)

A

sympathetic nervous system

85
Q

Blood supply to skin?

A

Triple plexuses (superficial, middle, deep)
Immense surface area

86
Q

piloerection?

A

hair is standing up - more insulation and is regulated by sympathetic nervous system

87
Q

slide 36

A
88
Q

Describe dogs and cats sweat glands?

A

poorly developed

89
Q

apocrine sweat glands?

A

proteinaceous sweat

90
Q

eccrine sweat glands?

A

watery sweat

91
Q

where are sweat glands predominantly localised in domestic species?

A

paws

92
Q

Describe how panting cools the animal down?

A

evaproationm, moisture from mucosal surfaces in upper resp tract
increased salivation, local vasodilation to increase blood flow and dissipation of heat
differentr breat5hing patterns using nose/mouth and dead space breathing where there is no gas exchange

93
Q

what is dead space breathing?

A

no gas exchange

94
Q

local vasodilation?

A

heat energy from warm blood evaporates the moisture cooling the blood

95
Q

when is core body maintained?

A

in cool and warm environmental temperatures

96
Q

How do animals prevent cold blood from extremities from cooling the core?

A

contstriction of blood vessels in extremities to reduce heat loss
Results in cooler extremities with cooler blood
Need to avoid cooling the core so the returning blood needs to be warmed

97
Q

counter current exchange

A

more blood goes deeper than superficial so more cool blood goiong into the deep vessels
heat from artery warms blood up in the deep vein
exchange of heat - warm blood going to core and restrict heat loss going to the environment

98
Q

carotid rete?

A

expansion of a vein, with coold blood in it which has come from nasal muscosum area, the mesh from the carotid artery, heat radiatyes out of arterial vessels into cool blood in the sinus then the mesh of vessels all comes back together and it is much cooler and this cooler blood can then go to the brain coming from the carotid - cats, pigs and chickens, cattle and sheep horses/primates do not have it

99
Q

selective carotid rete?

A

the facial vein dilates and the angularis oculi vein contricts so the blood can avoid the cavernous sinus as much as possible

100
Q

tmj

A

tempero mandibure joint

101
Q

what is rudimentary in dogs?

A

carotid rete

STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) (23 decks)

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