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STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) > footpads, claws, hooves, horns and antlers > Flashcards

footpads, claws, hooves, horns and antlers Flashcards

week 2 lect 3 Basu

1
Q

what anchors the subcutis to the skeleton?

A

ligaments

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2
Q

what sweat glands do the footpads have?

A

eccrine sweat glands

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3
Q

what do the sweat glands in the footpads do?

A

gives footpads increased grip - the moisture increases friction

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4
Q

link between nails, claws and hooves?

A

homologous structures –> keratin

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5
Q

what is horn?

A

highly keratinised epidermis

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6
Q

how does horn grow?

A

grows from the epidermis at their base and gradually slides distally

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7
Q

transverse ridges on hoof

A

parallel with the ground

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8
Q

epidermal structure?

A

nail, hoof, claw

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9
Q

ridges in nails?

A

interdigitations of laminae

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10
Q

quick (pink bit) of the claw

A

the dermis - do not cut here when trimming nails

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11
Q

what keeps the claws retracted in cats?

A

elastic dorsal elastic ligaments

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12
Q

which is the only weight-bearing digit in horses?

A

digit III

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13
Q

What are the five parts of the dermis of the hoof?

A

perioplic
coronary
lamellar
solar
frog

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14
Q

in a hoof - what is the subcutis confined to?

A

the coronary cushion
the digital cushion

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15
Q

dermal segment supports the…

A

epidermal segment

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16
Q

what are the three layers of the hoof wall?

A

external layer - stratum externum
middle layer - stratum medium
internal layer - stratum internum

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17
Q

which is the thickest layer of the hoof?

A

the middle layer - stratum medium

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18
Q

what are cervids?

A

deer

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19
Q

what are horns seen in?

A

BOVIDS - cattle, sheep, antelope

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20
Q

whereas antlers are seen in?

A

CERVIDS - deer

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21
Q

where do antlers grow from?

A

they grow out from an attachment on the skull - the pedicle

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22
Q

where do horns grown from?

A

horn bud starts out in the subcutis and LATER fuses to the skull

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23
Q

horn fracture complication?

A

infection in the sinuses as the horn has sinuses that goes directly into frontal bone of skull

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24
Q

what does the number of digital pads represent?

A

the number of digits

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25
Q

what are footpads named after?

A

the underlying region e.g. metatarsal pad, carpal pad

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26
Q

digital footpads in dogs, cats etc. is homologous with what in ruminants and pigs?

A

bulb

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27
Q

digital footpads in dogs, cats etc. is homologous with what in horses?

A

frog

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28
Q

what other pads do horses have?

A

metacarpal/metatarsal pads and carpal/tarsal pads

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29
Q

what are metacarpal/metatarsal footpads called?

A

ergots

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30
Q

what are carpal/tarsal footpads called?

A

chestnuts

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31
Q

what are foot pads? describe their structure:

A

thick epidermis
thick subcutis

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32
Q

describe the subcutis found in footpads:

A

adipose tissue partitioned by collagen and elastic fibres

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33
Q

what do footpads function as?

A

shock absorbers

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34
Q

what are footpads known as in hooved animals:

A

digital cushions

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35
Q

describe footpads in terms of hair:

A

hairless

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36
Q

what characteristic of a foot pad protects the sensitive dermis from damage?

A

the thickly cornified epidermis (think - corneocytes)

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37
Q

footpads have an additional epidermal layer - name? and describe visibility:

A

stratum lucidum
sometimes visible

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38
Q

nails in primates - what are the homologous structures in carnivores/birds and ungulates?

A

claws in carnivores/birds
hooves in ungulates

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39
Q

3 functions of nails, claws and hooves:

A

protects the distal digit, scratching/digging etc, defence/hunting

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40
Q

what are the 3 similar components of the distal joints of primates, ungulates, carnivores, birds?

A

wall, sole, footpad

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41
Q

Describe the whereabouts of the wall, sole, footpad on humans:

A

wall - outer of the nail, and tip of the nail
sole - under the nail, where the footpad and wall meet
footpad - spongy part of finger (fingertip)

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42
Q

what is the footpad of a horse also known as?

A

the frog

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43
Q

describe the wall, sole and footpad whereabouts on a horse:

A

wall is the outer part enclosing the rest of the hoof
sole is underneath and connects the footpad to the wall.
the footpad is the base of the hoof (descriptive wise)

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44
Q

describe the epidermis of the nails/claws/hooves:

A

highly keratinised epidermis

45
Q

what is highly keratinised epidermis called?

A

horn

46
Q

how do nails/claws/hooves grow?

A

from epidermis at their base and gradually slide distally (as an animal is standing, growing towards ground)

47
Q

What causes the ridges to appear in nails/claws/hooves? (look at your fingernail, you can see lines)

A

periods of disturbed growth - resulting in transverse ridges (which are parallel with the base/ground

48
Q

what kind of structure is a nail/claw/hoof?

A

an epidermal structure

49
Q

what anchors the nail/claw/hoof to the underlying dermis?

A

interdigitations of laminae

50
Q

what is not present at the epidermal-dermal junction of a nail/claw/hoof?

A

there is no subcutis

51
Q

what is the distal phalanx?

A

the bone of the finger/toe

52
Q

what is the dermis closely adhered to?

A

the periosteum of distal phalanx (go over, slider 18 01/10/24)
THERE IS NO SUBCUTIS HERE

53
Q

what is the ‘quick’?

A

the dermis - the pink bit of the nail

54
Q

when trimming nails, what would cutting the ‘quick’ cause?

A

pain, and it would bleed

55
Q

where is the muscle mass concentrated in the hooves of a horse?

A

proximally

56
Q

describe the motion of a horses hoof:

A

protraction and retraction, literally just forwards and backwards

57
Q

what does cursorial mean?

A

one that is adapted specifically to run

58
Q

describe the venous return of blood for the hoof:

A

it is poor

59
Q

if a horse damages one of its hooves, what happens?

A

it will really struggle, as a quarter of its bodyweight is supposed to be distributed through that hoof

60
Q

what does squashing of digital cushion aid?

A

aids the blood return with each step - to help with the poor venous return of blood

61
Q

What is the dermis of the hoof called?

A

the corium

62
Q

what does the epidermal segment correspond to?

A

the dermal segment

63
Q

what part of the dermis corresponds to the external layer of the hoof wall?

A

perioplic (dermal segment)

64
Q

what part of the dermis corresponds to the middle layer of the hoof wall?

A

coronary (dermal segment)

65
Q

what part of the dermis corresponds to the internal layer of the hoof wall?

A

laminar

66
Q

what part of the dermis corresponds to the sole (epidermal segment)?

A

sole (dermal segment)

67
Q

what part of the dermis corresponds to the frog (epidermal segment)?

A

frog (dermal segment)

68
Q

what is the laminar (segment of dermis of hoof wall) also known as?

A

dermal laminae

69
Q

what is the internal layer of the hoof wall (the epidermal segment) also known as?

A

epidermal laminae

70
Q

describe the external layer of the hoof wall:

A

thin, glossy, produced by perioplic dermis

71
Q

describe the middle layer of the hoof wall:

A

thickest layer of hoof wall, partially pigmented, produced by coronary dermis

72
Q

describe the internal layer of the hoof wall:

A

produced by the lamellar dermis

73
Q

where are there no blood vessels or nerves in the hoof wall and what does this mean?

A

none in the epidermis, all blood and nerve impulses come via diffusion from the dermis

74
Q

describe horns strength: (in terms of the hoof wall)

A

strong with some elasticity

75
Q

what is the travel time for the horn to go from top to bottom of the hoof? AT THE TOE, IN ADULT

A

9-12 months

76
Q

what is the travel time for the horn to go from top to bottom of the hoof? AT HEEL

A

4-6 months

77
Q

what have antlers?

A

cervids (deer)

78
Q

what are ossicones found in?

A

giraffids

79
Q

what are giraffids? give 2 examples:

A

giraffes, okapis

80
Q

what are pronghorns found in?

A

antilocaprids

81
Q

what are antlers and horns initially formed from?

A

from bony core which is covered by integument

82
Q

where are antlers and horns located?

A

on the frontal bone of the skull

83
Q

when growing - antlers are covered in?

A

well-vascularised skin
(in velvet)

84
Q

when the antlers have finished growing, what happens and what is this stage called?

A

the blood supply to the skin is cut off and the velvet is shed
(in tatters)

85
Q

what is mature antler?

A

exposed living bone

86
Q

describe the cycle of antlers:

A

they are usually shed (cast) and re-grown every year, sometimes antlers grow bigger and more branched every year

87
Q

what is the cycle of antlers related to?

A

sex hormones

88
Q

Describe the growth of horns:

A

horn bud (starts off as soft tissue) starts out in the subcutis and later fuses to the skull

89
Q

briefly describe the structure of the horn:

A

horns have a scabbard-like keratin covering a bony core

90
Q

describe branching of horns:

A

not branched

91
Q

do horns shed?

A

no

92
Q

why can horns show rings/ridges?

A

horns grow with age

93
Q

why do people sometimes choose to dehorn cattle?

A

reduce injury to people/other livestock
reduce space required (housing/feeding)

94
Q

why is it better to ‘disbud’ as a calf?

A

horn bud starts out ‘floating’ in integument and LATER attaches to frontal bone
(better to do younger to reduced risk of infection of sinus as after 6 months, the frontal sinus starts extending into the horn’s bony core)

95
Q

what happens to calf at 6 months - to do with their horn growth?

A

frontal sinus starts extending into horn’s bony core

96
Q

what does horn fracture and dehorning of older animals risk?

A

risks sinus infection

97
Q

need to watch vid for slides 24,25,26,27,28

A
98
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

The deep groove at the centre of the frog on the horses hoof
There are also lateral and medial sulcus

99
Q

What is the bar on a horses hoof?

A

Where the hoof wall folds in on itself
There is a lateral and medial bar

100
Q

What is the white line?

A

The continuation of the epidermal laminae, filled in with interlamellar horn. The white line isn’t always the palest structure, have a look at the adjacent hoof wall

101
Q

What is the hoof wall?

A

the middle layer of the hoof wall (the stratum medium) may contain pigment, which is why some horses’ hooves are dark

102
Q

What is the function of the grip?

A

The frog contains eccrine sweat glands so helps with a bit of grip
Compression of the frog when a horse walks will squash the digital cushion, in turn squeezing blood vessels in the hoof cartilages

103
Q

What is the periople?

A

The slightly softer band of horn near the coronet

104
Q

How does the calf or lamb’s hoof not damage the cow’s internal soft tissues during pregnancy?

A

The hoof is covered by a deciduous hoof capsule
This soft rubbery layer can be seen on newborn animal’s hooves (calves, piglets, lambs and foals). It protect’s the mother’s soft tissues and will wear off as the animal walks.

105
Q

How many digits do cattle have? Weight bearing and non weight bearing?

A

Cattle have 2 weightbearing digits, however also have 2 additional non-weightbearing digits either side.

From medial to lateral, they are numbered II - V.

II and V are called dewclaws, III is the medial claw, IV is the lateral claw.

106
Q

7 differences between horns and antlers?

A
  1. Horns develop in subcutis,
  2. horns covered in keratin sheath,
  3. horns never shed,
  4. different species (horns bovids),
  5. horns can have ridges,
  6. horns have no branches,
  7. horn core contains frontal sinus (cows)
107
Q

7 similarities between antlers and horns?

A
  1. Initially covered in epidermis,
  2. contain bone,
  3. located on frontal bone,
  4. paired,
  5. bigger/present more in males,
  6. similar functions (defence, display),
  7. get bigger with age
108
Q
A

STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) (23 decks)

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