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STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) > Horse GIT > Flashcards

Horse GIT Flashcards

1
Q

What type of fermenter is a horse?

A

hindgut fermenter

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2
Q

what does it mean when we say a horse is a hindgut fermenter?

A

that the caecum and colon is evolved to provide a chamber where microbial fermentation of food takes place (also named postgastric fermentation)

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3
Q

what group of animals is the position of the oesophagus in a horse similar to?

A

similar to carnivores

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4
Q

what parts does a horses oesophagus consist of?

A

cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts

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5
Q

describe what happens to the lumen of a horse’s oesophagus?

A

the lumen narrows at the thoracic inlet and oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

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6
Q

what does the lumen narrowing result in?

A

it predisposes them to impaction (choke)

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7
Q

what is the oesophagus innervated by?

A

via the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves (cranial X and IX nerves respectively)

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8
Q

trickle feeder?

A

slow chewing and produces lots of saliva

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9
Q

type of feeder?

A

horses are trickle feeders

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10
Q

size of a horse’s stomach?

A

it is relatively small (5-15ft capacity)

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11
Q

how long does a horse graze for in a day?

A

17 hours

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12
Q

where does the stomach lie in a horse?

A

the cranial part of the abdominal cavity, mostly to the left of the median plane

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13
Q

ball size reference of the stomach?

A

baseball

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14
Q

type of stomach?

A

horses stomachs are simple stomachs like pigs, carnivores and rabbits

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15
Q

cardia?

A

entrance of the stomach

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16
Q

how many ribs do horses have?

A

18

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17
Q

where is the cardia located?

A

it has a relatively fixed point - opposite the upper part of the 11th rib

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18
Q

how many sections is the small intestine of the horse divided into and what are they?

A

3 - the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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19
Q

what side is the descending duodenum always on?

A

the right side

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20
Q

location of the descending duodenum?

A

DORSAL on the right side of abdomen, suspended form the dorsal body wall by the mesentery (medoduodenum)

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21
Q

location of the jejunum?

A

to the left dorsal part of the abdomen

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22
Q

what is the jejunum associated with?

A

with a long mesentery

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23
Q

the jejunum is very…

A

mobile

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24
Q

what restricts the jejunum to the position that it is in??

A

the large caecum on the right and the ascending colon ventrally on both sides of the body

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25
Q

which part of the small intestine joins to the large caecum?

A

the ileum

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26
Q

what is the name of the fold from ileum to caecum?

A

it is called the ileocecal fold

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27
Q

what issues does the length of the mesentery cause?

A

loops of small intestine can becomes twisted or trapped in natural openings

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28
Q

describe where the ileum enters the caecum:

A

on the medial side at the junction of the organs base and body - if you look at the horse from the right hand side you won’t be able to see its entrance

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29
Q

ileocaecal fold?

A

is connecting peritoneum

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30
Q

what are the three parts of the large intestine?

A

the caecum, ascending and descending colon

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31
Q

what are bands and sacculations?

A

they are characteristics of the large intestine of horse, pig and human NOT found in carnivores and ruminants

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32
Q

what does the colon consist of?

A

the large ascending colon, the transverse colon and the descending colon

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33
Q

which is the most modified part of the colon of a horse?

A

the ascending colon

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34
Q

describe how the ascending colon is arranged:

A

it is arranged into two U shaped loops laying on top of each other

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35
Q

where is the caecum?

A

it is on the right hand side so the first colon will be right ventral colon or connected to the caecum via cecocolic orifice

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36
Q

what is the first flexure of the large intestine? and then what other flexures?

A

the sternal flexure, then the left ventral colon, then pelvic flexure, then left dorsal colon diaphragmatic flexure

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37
Q

taenia?

A

longitudinal bands

38
Q

sacculations/haustra?

A

transverse infolding of the intestinal wall to from serial sacs

39
Q

what are the three parts of the large intestine characterised by?

A

sacculations and taenia

40
Q

where does the liver lie?

A

within intrathoracic part of the abdomen and extends from 6th intracostal space crinioventrally to 15th intracostal space caudodorsally on the right

41
Q

what is the liver covered in?

A

in visceral peritoneum

42
Q

why does the horse’s right liver lobe atrophy (for most horses)?

A

it is as a result of constant pressure from the Right Dorsal Colon

43
Q

FOR THE DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE OF LIVER
lobes in order of appearance of the liver:

A

right lobe, quadrate lobe, left medial lobe and then left lateral lobe

44
Q

FOR VISCERAL SURFACE OF LIVER
what are lobes in order of appearance:

A

left lateral lobe
left medial lobe
quadrate lobe
right lobe
caudate lobe

45
Q

shape of pancreas?

A

roughly triangular

46
Q

location of pancreas?

A

its body is cranial and lies cranial part of the duodenum

47
Q

where does the left lobe of the pancreas extend across to?

A

extends across the median plane to the left where it makes contact with stomach

48
Q

location of right lobe of pancreas?

A

it follows the descending duodenium and related to the base of the caecum

49
Q

where does the bile and pancreatic duct of a horse open?

A

at the first bend of the duodenal sigmoid flexure (duodenum makes this S shape turn)

50
Q

pancreatic ducts of a horse?

A

both the pancreatic and accessory ducts

51
Q

teniae?

A

number of longitudinal smooth muscle cords on the caecum and colon

52
Q

teniae used to distinguish?

A

distinguish between parts of the large intestine and small intestine

53
Q

how many bands of teniae on caecum and ventral colon incl. sternal flexure?

A

4

54
Q

how many bands of teniae on right dorsal colon?

A

3

55
Q

how many bands of teniae on descending colon of large intestine?

A

2

56
Q

how many bands of teniae on left dorsal colon and pelvic flexure?

A

one

57
Q

how many bands of teniae on small intestine?

A

none

58
Q

what do the teniae result in the formation of?

A

hastra/sacculations which are a series of pouches in the walls of the caecum and colon - formed by these teniae

59
Q

where can we see the blind sac?

A

fundic part of stomach

60
Q

how/where does the oesophagus enter the stomach?

A

obliquely

61
Q

sphincters?

A

pyloric and cardiac sphincters

62
Q

why do horses find vomiting hard?

A

due to pyloric and cardiac sphincters

63
Q

structure of ileum when palpated?

A

much tougher structure

64
Q

where does the ileum join the caecum?

A

on the left hand side
the medial part of the caecum

65
Q

what parts of the caecum are there?

A

the body, the apex and the base

66
Q

where is the base of the caecum situated?

A

situated at the right paralumbar fossa

67
Q

where does the right ventral colon turn?

A

at the sternal flexure

68
Q

left ventral colon travels towards…

A

pelvic inlet

69
Q

pelvic flexure?

A

left ventral colon turning back on itself - then becomes left dorsal colon

70
Q

when the left dorsal colon folds? - then becomes the right dorsal colon (very short part of the intestine)

A

diphragmatic flexure

71
Q

what does the right dorsal colon then join?

A

the transverse colon

72
Q

what follows the transverse colon?

A

the descending colon

73
Q

how many metres is the descending colon in horses?

A

2-4m

74
Q

teniae are innervated by?

A

nerve fibres

75
Q

right dorsal colon situated?

A

inside the ribcage

76
Q

small intestines do not have…

A

tenaie (taeniae)

77
Q

which section of the small intestine has a long mesentery allowing for great range of motion?

A

the jejunum

78
Q

ascending colon of large intestine?

A

It is about 4metre long and hold avarage of 80lt.It is folded to form double loop (A bit like a double horse shoe)

79
Q

which liver lobe is missing in the horse?

A

papillary process
Caudate lobe is lacking papillary process in the horse but still has caudate process

80
Q

list the parts of the ascending colon in correct order:

A

Ascending colon
RVC
sternal flexure
LVC
pelvic flexure
LDC
diaphragmatic flexure
RDC

81
Q

shape of the caecum in a horse and the parts of the caecum in the horse?

A

it is COMMA shaped and consists of the base, body and apex

82
Q

Which two parts of the oesophagus predisposes them to choke in the horse?

A

Oesophagus has three parts just like other species cervical, thoracic and abdominal. Its lumen narrows at the thoracic inlet and oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm; this predisposes them to impaction (choke)

83
Q

What does the term choke refer to?

A

*The term “choke” actually refers to an obstruction of the oesophagus, as opposed to an obstruction of the trachea when a human chokes.

84
Q

On which side of the horse’s neck can the oesophagus be palpated?

A

the left

85
Q

What risk factors do you think might predispose horses to developing oesophageal obstruction?

A

Poor dentition, bolting their food, and eating improperly soaked feed are some of the more common risk factors for choke.

86
Q

What is EGUS?

A

Equine gastric ulceration syndrome
It is a common syndrome in all horse populations, but is especially prevalent in the racehorse population, with up to 100% of horses in race training affected in some studies.

87
Q

EGUS is an all encompassing term for all ulcerative or erosive diseases of the stomach. What is EGUS further broken down into?

A

ESGD - equine squamous gastric disease
EGGD - equine glandular gastric disease

88
Q

what common equine intestinal parasite attaches at the ileocaecal junction?

A

tapeworm

89
Q

right ventral colon?

A

The is the first section of the ascending colon, and connects to the caecum at the caecocolic orifice.

Some people remember this with “RVC comes first”…

90
Q

Which flexure lies between the left ventral colon and the left dorsal colon?

A

pelvic flexure

91
Q
A

STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) (29 decks)

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