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STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) > GI Physiology > Flashcards

GI Physiology Flashcards

Prehension, mastication and deglutition

1
Q

prehension?

A

the act of moving food into the mouth

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2
Q

what is prehension controlled by?

A

the CNS - primarily the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve and the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve

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3
Q

mastication?

A

chewing - the first act of digestion

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4
Q

chewing?

A

the breakdown of food particles to increase SA for digestion

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5
Q

saliva secretions?

A

moistens and lubricates food

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6
Q

type of epithelium in mouth lining?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

which neurones does the mouth contain?

A

terminal branches of sensory neurone - prepares stomach for type of food it is about to encounter

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8
Q

4 types of salivary glands?

A

zygomatic, parotid, sublingual and mandibular

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9
Q

describe mucous saliva?

A

thicker/more viscous
important for binding food into bolus

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10
Q

which glands secrete mucous saliva?

A

zygomatic and sublingual

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11
Q

describe serous saliva

A

watery and contains amylase (starches into simple sugars)

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12
Q

which glands secrete serous saliva?

A

parotid

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13
Q

mostly what type of saliva for birds?

A

mostly mucous type

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14
Q

dog species specific saliva?

A

no amylase

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15
Q

salivary gland control?

A

purely by neurones, no hormonal control

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16
Q

what are salivary glands regulated by?

A

by the parasympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

describe salivary gland control:

A

nerve fibres end on the acini
stimulation results in increased saliva production
salivary secretory cells also contain B-adrenergic receptors

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18
Q

What activates the B-adrenergic receptors?

A

the sympathetic nerve stimulation (fight or flight)

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19
Q

component of saliva that enables the lubrication function?

A

mucin (glycoproteins) - mix with water to form mucous

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20
Q

component of saliva that enables the pH regulation function?

A

HCO3-
neutralisation

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21
Q

component of saliva that enables the antibacterial function?

A

lysozymes and antibodies
keep the amount of bacteria in check

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22
Q

slide 11

A
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23
Q

what is the pH of the saliva in a ruminant?

A

alkaline (bicarbonate phosphate)

24
Q

considering its pH, what is the importance of saliva in ruminants?

A

necessary for neutralisation of fermentation products

25
Q

how many litres of saliva can an adult cow excrete?

A

100-200 litres of saliva a day

26
Q

slide 12

A
27
Q

6 steps of the involuntary phase of deglutition:

A

Breathing stops momentarily
Soft palate is elevated
The tongue is pressed against the hard palate
The glottis is pulled under the epiglottis
When all openings into the pharynx are closed a wave of muscualr contrxaction passes over the walls of the pharynx
the upper oesophageal sphincter releases

28
Q

invoiluntary phase of deglutiion controlled by?

A

by motor neurones in vsrtious centres of the brainstem

29
Q

drooling lotsd and panting and difficulty swallowing?

A

facial nerve is impacted - neurological

30
Q

striated muscle AKA?

A

skeletal muscle

31
Q

oesophageal muscle types?

A

striated and smooth muscle

32
Q

skeletal muscle in dogs, cattle and sheep?

A

the entire length of the oesophagus is striated

33
Q

skeletal muscle in horses primates and cats?

A

a portion of the oesophagus is smooth muscle

34
Q

muscle control of striated muscle?

A

vagus nerve

35
Q

muscle control for smooth muscle?

A

ENS (gut specific nervous system)

36
Q

in many species, what is the action of the lower sphincter aided by?

A

by the anatomical attachment to the stomach

37
Q

peristalsis?

A

exists in all levels of gut, movement of substances throughout the gut all the time, a moving ring of constriction pushing food through
consists of primary and secondary waves

38
Q

longitudinal muscles contract

A

food moves forward

39
Q

circular muscle contract - longitudinal relax?

A

food moves forward

40
Q

when does the sympathetic nerve stimulation of the B-adrenergic receptors occur, why and what is produced?

A

this stimulation has little to do with digestive activity
occurs in carnivores about to attack
produces a smaller quantity of viscous saliva

41
Q

saliva used for starch digestion in which species and how?

A

omnivores, single-stomached herbivore and some avian
USING amylase

42
Q

saliva used for fat digestion in which species and how?

A

in young calves and USING lingual lipase

43
Q

saliva used for thermoregulation in which species and how?

A

in canine and rodent USING panting and spreading saliva (over body - evaporative cooling)

44
Q

saliva used for binding tannins in which species and how?

A

in leaf-eaters USING binding proteins

45
Q

saliva used for providing urea in which species and how?

A

in animals with fore-stomachs
Urea diffuses from blood into saliva

46
Q

problems in ruminants (cows) with being able to excrete lots of saliva in one day?

A

H2O and electrolyres secreted in saliva must be reabsorbed rapidly
cow could become dehydrated
in abnormal circumstances cows become acidotic

47
Q

two phases of deglutition?

A

voluntary and involuntary

48
Q

voluntary stage of deglutition:

A

chewed food is moulded into a bolus and moved to the pharynx

49
Q

involuntary stage of deglutition:

A

initiated by the voluntary

50
Q

describe the control of deglutition:

A

efferent nerve fibres travel in the facial, vagus and hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves

51
Q

clinically, what do problems with prehension, mastication and deglutition frequenctly relate to?

A

relate from neurological lesions
e.g. laryngeal paralysis - panting and swallowing issues

52
Q

what does wall of oesophagus consist of?

A

mucosa, submucosa
muscularis and serosa

53
Q

what does muscularis layer consist of?

A

circular
longitudinal

54
Q

what does mucosa layer consist of?

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

55
Q

what is happening when deglutition is not taking place?

A

the body of the oesophagus is relaxed but both sphincters are tightly constricted

56
Q

what two waves are there in peristalsis?

A

primary (stronger) and secondary (weaker) waves

STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) (23 decks)

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