Oral Anatomy - Tongue Flashcards
What is the mouth also known as?
The oral cavity
What is the oral cavity?
Space enclosed by the lips and cheeks, filled with tongue
What is the pharynx? (in simplest terms)
the throat
What is the oral cavity proper?
between teeth (communicates with pharynx)
What is the oral vestibule?
between teeth and cheek (LATIN -labial, buccal)
When you blow your cheek, the space that you get is the oral vestibule
What are the cheeks?
the lateral wall of the mouth formed mainly by the buccinator muscle
What do the lips bind?
the oral fissure (mouth)
What makes the mouth a very sensitive tactile organ?
It is innervated by sensory fibres
The nerve fibres actually go to the lips
What do the lips help young animals with?
creating a seal around the teat
What are the glands called that are found in the lips?
labial glands
Describe the mobility of the lips on horse, sheep and dogs?
soft and flexible
Describe the mobility of the lips on cows and pigs?
stiff and less mobile
What is the palate?
the roof of the oral cavity
what does the palate do?
it separates the digestive and respiratory systems
What are the two types of palate?
the hard and the soft palate
What does the hard palate divide?
it divides the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
During swallowing, what is the job of the soft palate?
the soft palate closes the nasal passage
Which palate is the rostral part?
the hard palate
means that it is the one that is closer to the nose
Musculomucosal
muscles covered with mucous membrane
What does a soft palate make animals?
obligatory nose breathers
What is the name of the ‘mound’ on the hard palate near the front of the mouth, behind the teeth? (pumpkin has a very obvious one)
The incisive papillae
Why does the incisive papillae have this name?
because it is found on the incisive bone
What bones make up the hard palate?
the palatine, maxillary and incisive bone
what are the bones (that make up the hard palate) covered in?
a mucous membrane
Why is the hard palate keratinised?
for protection
Describe the texture of the hard palate and what is the function of this texture?
It has ridges, this is to help grip food and helps to move it around
What is the use of the incisive papillae?
it aids the senses of smell and taste and is an olfactory receptor for sexual stimuli
vomer?
small thin bone, separating left and right side of the nasal cavity
What does the incisive papilla open into?
the incisive duct that links the mouth with the nasal cavity
What is the hard palate covered with?
keratinised epithelium
What is the hard palate strengthened by?
a small plate of cartilage
what organ connects with the vomer?
vomeronasal organ
Describe the vomeronasal organ?
it is a tubular structure
What is the vomeronasal organ a part of?
part of the accessory olfactory system
What is the hard palate responsible for?
semiochemical signal detection (pheromones)
What type of epithelium covers the hard palate?
stratified squamous epithelium, keratinised
What type of epithelium covers the tongue?
the core muscle is covered by stratified squamous epithelium
What bone(s) is the tongue attached to?
the hyoid bone and mandible
HENCE mobile
The surface of the tongue has a large number of projections - what are these called?
papillae & taste buds
What is the function of the lyssa?
allows dogs to create a cradle with their tongue so that they can drink because dogs can’t seal their mouths when they are drinking
What is the lyssa?
it is the structure in the central midline-cord of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue surrounded by dense connective tissue
(the line down the middle of their tongue)
Which animals have a lyssa?
cats, dogs and horses (but not as obviously - a horses isn’t as cartilaginous)
What are the two types of tongue papillae?
Mechanical or Gustatory papillae
What are the four types of mechanical papillae?
Filiform, Conical, Marginal, Lenticular
Describe filiform papillae:
Hair-like structures on the dorsal surface; grips food (we have them as well)
Describe conical papillae:
larger than filiform, less frequent, covers torus linguae and provides traction for movement of food
What type of mechanical papillae is not found in horses?
Conical
What is the torus lingua?
apex/tip of tongue
Dorsum of the tongue
Describe the marginal papillae:
only found in newborn carnivores and piglets –> it aids in suckling
Describe the lenticular papillae:
Hard due to the heavy keratinisation - only found in ox
What are the three types of gustatory papillae?
Fungiform, Vallate, Foliate
Describe the fungiform papillae:
Found among filiform, over the rostral two thirds of the dorsum of the tongue, mushroom shaped
To do with the taste
Describe the Vallate papillae:
between the body and root of the tongue; large circular projections surrounded by a deep groove
Describe the Foliate papillae:
At the same level as the other gustatory papillae but on the edges of the tongue, found in horse and pigs (but rarely cattle)
Which types of muscles in the tongue are actually connected to the bones?
The extrinsic ones, these lie parallel to the bones
What are the two types of muscles located in the tongue?
Intrinsic m.
Extrinsic m.
What are the intrinsic muscles found in the tongue?
Muscle fibres orientated in three directions: longitudinal, transverse and vertical
Which muscles form the tongue proper?
intrinsic m.
What is the tongue proper made up of?
curl, groove, bend
Latin name for the intrinsic m.?
Lingualis Proprius
What is the tongue proper?
the actual tongue
What are the three important extrinsic muscles called? (you need to know their function)
Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
How many pairs of extrinsic muscles are there?
3 pairs
Of what origin are the three pairs of extrinsic muscles?
osseous origin
What cranial nerve number is hypoglossal nerve?
it is cranial nerve number 12
(CN XII)
Describe the tongue’s innervation:
it is complex (motor and sensory)
What is the tongue innervated by?
By cranial nerves that originate from the brain
What does the hypoglossal nerve supply?
supplies both the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
Damage to the hypoglossal nerve would result in?
paralysis of the tongue
What are the two types of innervation in the tongue?
motor and sensory
Which nerve controls the motor innervation?
hypoglossal nerve
For the rostral 2/3 part of the tongue, what nerve is used for sensation?
Linguinal nerve branch of mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
What is the cranial nerve number for the trigeminal nerve?
CN V
Cranial nerve 5
For the rostral 2/3 part of the tongue, what nerve is responsible for taste?
Chorda tympani branch of the Facial nerve
What is the cranial nerve number for the facial nerve?
Cranial nerve number 7
CN VII
For the caudal 1/3 of the tongue, what nerve is responsible for the taste and general sensation?
The Glossopharyngeal nerve
What is the cranial nerve number for the glossopharyngeal nerve?
cranial nerve 9
CN IX
What nerve is responsible for the additional innervation in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue?
The vagal nerve
What is the cranial nerve number for the vagal nerve?
Cranial nerve 10
CN X
torus lingua
cow
