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STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) > Intro to Histology > Flashcards

Intro to Histology Flashcards

Lect 2 Week 1 Basu

1
Q

What is histology?

A

microanatomy

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2
Q

What is histopathology?

A

The study of changes in the microscopic anatomy, caused by a disease

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3
Q

What must you use when handling formalin?

A

GLOVES

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4
Q

What ratio do you use when you are preserving a sample?

A

1:10 ratio of sample to solution

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5
Q

What does fixation of a sample do?

A

It hardens and preserves tissue
Some tissue shrinkage occurs

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6
Q

What do you use to fixate a sample?

A

Formalin

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7
Q

What are the typical histology preparation steps? (6 steps)

A

Take sample
Fixation
Selection + trimming
Processing + embedding
Sectioning thin slices
Staining to make tissue structures visible

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8
Q

What does selection and trimming include during histology preparation?

A

Choose your orientation and cut surface

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9
Q

What does processing and embedding include during histology prep?

A

Replacing water with a solid medium e.g paraffin wax or resin

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10
Q

What solid mediums could you use during the processing and embedding step of histology prep?

A

Paraffin wax or resin - they replace the water

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11
Q

What is the standard stain?

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

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12
Q

Describe the dye Haematoxylin:

A

it is purple/blue and can be considered a BASIC dye therefore it binds to acids e.g. nucleic acids
IT WILL STAIN THE NUCLEI BLUE

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13
Q

Describe the dye Eosin:

A

it is pink/red and is an acidic dye
and thus it binds to bases, most proteins in the cytoplasm are basic

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14
Q

What are immunohistochemical stains and what do they do?

A

They use antibodies to bind to a tissue-specific substance and there is a second labelled antibody to bind to first

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15
Q

What labels can be used to attach to the second antibody when using immunohistochemical stains?

A

Coloured dye or a fluorescent marker

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16
Q

What are the 4 tissue types of the body?

A

epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous tissue

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17
Q

What does all epithelium tissue rest on?

A

Basement membrane

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18
Q

Why do epithelial cells rely in diffusion for nutrition?

A

Because the blood and lymph vessels do not penetrate the basement membrane in which the epithelial cells rest on.

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19
Q

What does the basement membrane act as?

A

a selective barrier

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20
Q

What two major forms does the epithelium exist in?

A

surface and glandular

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21
Q

What is surface epithelium?

A

Sheets of aggregated cells of similar type, covers all EXTERNAL surfaces and lines all INTERNAL surfaces

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22
Q

What is glandular epithelium?

A

Results from proliferation of surface epithelial cells into underlying tissue and forms secretory cells of endocrine and exocrine glands

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23
Q

What are the three types of surface epithelium?

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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24
Q

What are the three types of simple surface epithelium?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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25
Q

What are the four types of stratified surface epithelium?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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26
Q

What is simple surface epithelium?

A

single layer of cells on basement membrane

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27
Q

what is stratified surface epithelium?

A

2 or more layers of cells

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28
Q

What is pseudostratified surface epithelium?

A

appearance of layers but all of the cells are touching the basement membrane, however not every cell is reaching the surface

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29
Q

Function of simple surface epithelium?

A

As thin barrier e.g. lining of blood vessels, exchange of nutrients

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30
Q

Function of stratified surface epithelium?

A

Strong resistance to mechanical stress and forces. Increased strength by adding more cells. In physical strength and wear e.g. skin

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31
Q

Describe squamous shape of cells?

A

scale-like, flat wide cells with greater width than height

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32
Q

Describe cuboidal shape cells?

A

Cube-shaped, similar height and width

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33
Q

Describe columnar shaped cells?

A

Height greater than width

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34
Q

Describe transitional shaped cells?

A

SPECIAL FORM
when epithelium is stretched the cells look squamous
when epithelium relaxed the cells look cuboidal

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35
Q

When are transitional shaped cells useful? In which organ?

A

For organs that can stretch large amounts. In the bladder (assuming the walls of the bladder)

36
Q

What extra features do epithelia have?

A

microvilli, cilia, cellular junctions

37
Q

microvilli useful for?

A

absorption in intestine

38
Q

cilia useful for?

A

wafting mucus in airways

39
Q

cellular junctions useful for?

A

for tight attachments between skin cells. to hold the epithelium cells together so that they are less likely to drop off

40
Q

What happens when epithelium cells reach the surface of the skin?

A

they lose the cellular junction and can fall off

41
Q

cilia are…

A

motile

42
Q

SQUAMOUS: give use for a single layer of them and for more than one layer of them.

A

single: diffusion + filtration
>1: protection

43
Q

CUBOIDAL/COLUMNAR: give use for a single layer of them and for more than one layer of them.

A

single: secretion + absorption (ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells)
>1: protection

44
Q

TRANSITIONAL: give use for more than one layer of them.

A

Protection; stretching to accommodate distension of urinary structures

45
Q

What is connective tissue derived from?

A

mesoderm

46
Q

What does connective tissue form and where is it formed?

A

It forms a matrix beneath the epithelium

47
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

a layer of tissue inside the embryo during embryonic development

48
Q

meaning of matrix

A

a network

49
Q

what does the connective tissue matrix that forms beneath the epithelium help with?

A

physically supporting and holding up the epithelium

50
Q

What is the difference between the epithelium and connective tissue in relation to number of cells:

A

connective tissue has relatively few cells unlike the epithelium

51
Q

what is connective tissue mainly made up of?

A

extracellular matrix

52
Q

Name two ‘things’ that are found within the extracellular matrix:

A

Protein fibres
Ground substance

53
Q

What is the connective tissue a medium for?

A

exchange of nutrients and waste

54
Q

2 functions of the connective tissue:

A

provide structural support to other tissue
mediate the exchange of nutrients and waste

55
Q

What are protein fibres mainly made up of?

A

collagen

56
Q

What properties does collagen give protein fibres?

A

great tensile strength

57
Q

What gives connective tissue its strength?

A

The long protein fibres which are mainly made from collagen

58
Q

What two fibres make up connective tissue?

A

collagen and elastic fibres

59
Q

What do the elastic fibres allow?

A

stretch and elasticity

60
Q

What are the elastic fibres composed of?

A

elastin

61
Q

What is the advantage of elastic/protein fibres for the connective tissue?

A

strong (due to protein fibres/collagen) but also stretchy tissue that can bounce back

62
Q

under the microscope, what colour can collagen show up as?

A

black

63
Q

What is ground substance?

A

gel-like material that is transparent

64
Q

What does ground substance do?

A

it fills spaces between cells and fibres

65
Q

How many different sub-types of collagen fibres are there?

A

five

66
Q

What % of collagen fibres are type 1?

A

90%

67
Q

What do the collagen fibres do?

A

add structural integrity to our tissue

68
Q

What is ground substance made up of?

A

made up of many large molecules called glycosaminoglycans GAGS

69
Q

What does GAGS stand for?

A

glycosaminoglycans

70
Q

Describe GAGS flexibility:

A

inflexible

71
Q

Describe GAGS attraction to water:

A

very hydrophilic

72
Q

What are they called when multiple GAGS are linked up?

A

proteoglycans

73
Q

90% of extracellular matrix is what?

A

water

74
Q

What are GAGS good at binding to?

A

water

75
Q

What are GAGS very good at resisting and give two reasons why?

A

Good at resisting compressive forces due to its high water content and because they are inflexible.
(think, pushing water out of syringe easy, but if you cover the end of the syringe, impossible to push because water is very good at resisting compressive forces and because GAGS absorb a lot of water, like sponge, they too are good at resisting compressive forces)

76
Q

What does the ground substance facilitate?

A

movement of cells (macrophages, immune cells) and diffusion of molecules e.g. oxygen

77
Q

Name four types of cells that around found in the connective tissue:

A

fibroblasts
adipocytes
immune cells
other specialised cells

78
Q

Firboblasts found throughout:

A

most tissues in body

79
Q

what are adipocytes?

A

fat cells

80
Q

name three immune cells:

A

macrophages
mast cells
plasma cells

81
Q

immune cells go around the… looking for foreign etc.

A

extracellular matrix

82
Q

give 4 example of the other specialised cells that could be found in the connective tissue:

A

osteocytes, osteoblasts, chrondocytes, chrondoblasts

83
Q

osteo =

A

bone

84
Q

chrondo =

A

cartilage

85
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

the least specialised cells, they secrete collagen and ground substance

STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) (6 decks)

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