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STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) > Digestive system comparative anatomy of the liver and pancreas > Flashcards

Digestive system comparative anatomy of the liver and pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A

waste products
secretion
storage
synthesis
protein, carb and lipid metabolism
immune function

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2
Q

where is the largest gland in the abdominal cavity located?

A

caudal to the diaphragm

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3
Q

what is the largest gland in the abdominal cavity?

A

liver

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4
Q

name some species that do not have a gall bladder in the fossa?

A

horses, rats

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5
Q

where is the gall bladder found?

A

between the right medial and quadrate lobe of the liver

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6
Q

where does the bulk of the liver lie in all species (and in ruminants?)

A

bulk of it lies to the right in all species and in ruminants - entirely moved to the right

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7
Q

what is the surface of the liver that is next to the diaphragm called?

A

parietal surface or diaphragmatic surface

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8
Q

describe the shape of the surface of the liver that is next to the diaphragm:

A

it is strongly convex surface towards the diaphragm

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9
Q

the liver is concave towards viscera - hence this surface is called the visceral surface, what does viscera mean?

A

lies against and impressed by stomach, duodenum etc.

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10
Q

what is the visceral surface of the liver marked by?

A

it is marked by the porta of the liver

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11
Q

what is the porta of the liver?

A

the visceral surface is marked by the porta of the liver

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12
Q

what happens at the porta of the liver?

A

the bile duct, portal vein and hepatic vessels enter and leave here

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13
Q

porta is latin for? think of its function/location:

A

gate

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14
Q

what is the porta of the liver also known as?

A

as the hilar region of the liver

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15
Q

where is the liver located?

A

cranial part of the abdomen

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16
Q

what is cranial to the liver?

A

the diaphragm

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17
Q

what is caudal to the liver?

A

the stomach, intestinal mass and right kidney

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18
Q

does the right kidney make contact with the liver?

A

yes

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19
Q

what effect do the adjacent organs have on the liver?

A

the liver adopts the form of adjacent organs e.g. renal impression of the caudate lobe

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20
Q

describe the location of the liver compared to the stomach in a dog?

A

to the left of the stomach (spleen)

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21
Q

describe the location of the liver compared to the pancreas, kidney and duodenum in a dog?

A

it is located on the right of these organs

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22
Q

describe the location of the liver compared to the greater omentum in a dog?

A

it is located ventrally to the greater omentum

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23
Q

in a dog, what region does the liver reach on the ventral abdominal wall?

A

it reaches the umbilical region on the ventral abdominal wall

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24
Q

in a dog, what does the most caudal part of the liver cover?

A

it covers the cranial extremity of the right kidney and reaches the 13th thoracic vertebra

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25
Q

in a dog, where does the liver extend beyond?

A

it extends beyond the coastal arch ventrally
MORE SO IN PUPS and IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

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26
Q

Where do we carry out the liver biopsy on a dog?

A

puncture cadual to the xiphoid process

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27
Q

where does the liver lie within a horse?

A

completely within the ribcage

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28
Q

describe the location of the horse’s liver compared to the diaphragm?

A

located obliquely across the diaphragm with the left lobe ventral and right lobe dorsal

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29
Q

where does the caudal margin of the liver of a horse reach?

A

it reaches the 15th ICS

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30
Q

where do we carry out the liver biopsy-12th ICS on a horse?

A

on a line between the tuber coxae and point of the shoulder (right hand side)

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31
Q

where do we carry out the liver biopsy-8th ICS on a horse?

A

at the level of deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

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32
Q

describe the liver of a rabbit:

A

the liver has five lobes with a deep cleft dividing it into right and left lobes

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33
Q

how many lobes does the liver of a rabbit have?

A

5

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34
Q

what kind of biopsy of the liver can be taken of a rabbit and where do we take this biopsy?

A

an ultrasound-guided biopsy can be taken ventrally from any lobe

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35
Q

which lobe of a rabbit’s liver has a narrow attachment?

A

the caudate lobe

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36
Q

describe the narrow attachment on the caudate lobe of a rabbit?

A

there is a narrow attachment to the porta region of the liver and this could be a site of liver torsion

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37
Q

is there a gall bladder present in a rabbit?

A

yes

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38
Q

where does the liver reach to (cover) in a cow?

A

liver reaches dorsally as far as the last rib

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39
Q

where is the liver biopsy site on a cow?

A

it is 10th ICS: 1/4 the way down the length of the rib

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40
Q

where does the gall bladder rest in a cow?

A

rests 10th ICS

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41
Q

what is the liver covered by?

A

by serosa which is overlying thin connective tissue capsule (tunica fibrosa)

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42
Q

liver: what is serosa?

A

visceral peritoneum

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43
Q

liver: in what animal is tunica fibrosa especially strong in?

A

pigs

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44
Q

what liver attachment has no supportive function? what other kind of function does it have?

A

peritoneal folds (no supportive function) BUT carry blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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45
Q

liver: where is the falciform ligament found?

A

between the liver and diaphragm and the ventral abdominal wall

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46
Q

liver: what is the round ligament and where is it found?

A

it is a fibrous strand in the free edge of the falciform ligament

47
Q

liver: which ligament is the umbilical vein remnant?

A

falciform ligament

48
Q

what is the lesser omentum?

A

it is an attachment of the liver

49
Q

what ligaments are found in the lesser omentum of the liver?

A

hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligament

50
Q

what function do ligaments have?

A

they have a supportive function - attach to the liver firmly

51
Q

what do the peritoneal folds serve as?

A

serve to fix organs in position - serve as ligaments

52
Q

where is the coronary ligament of the liver found and what does it attach to?

A

they surround the caudal vena cava and attaches the liver to the central tendon of the diaphragm

53
Q

where is the triangular ligament of the liver found?

A

it extends between the dorsal part of the liver on each side of the diaphragm

54
Q

where do the right and left triangular and coronary ligaments pass to of the liver?

A

they pass to the diaphragm from the parietal surface

55
Q

describe the cores of the right and left triangular and coronary ligaments of the liver?

A

they have fibrous cores

56
Q

describe the blood supply of the liver?

A

it has a dual blood supply

57
Q

what does the dual blood supply of the liver consist of?

A

the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery

58
Q

what is the hepatic portal vein of the liver?

A

it is a large vein carrying nutrient rich blood from the unpaired organs into the liver

59
Q

what percentage of the blood flow to the liver comes from the hepatic portal vein?

A

60-70% blood flow

60
Q

what does the hepatic artery of the liver do?

A

supplies fresh oxygenated (nutritional) blood

61
Q

what blood does the hepatic portal vein receive?

A

receives the venous blood from all unpaired abdominal organs

62
Q

give examples of the unpaired abdominal organs?

A

stomach, pancreas, spleen and intestines

63
Q

what happens to the blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery branches?

A

it mixes within the hepatic sinusoids before collecting in central veins

64
Q

what happens to the central veins?

A

they merge and eventually form hepatic veins that drain into the abdominal portion of the caudal vena cava

65
Q

what nerves innervate the liver?

A

both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves

66
Q

where does the liver receive fibres from?

A

from the vagal trunk

67
Q

where does the liver receive sympathetic axons from?

A

from the celiac plexus/ganglion

68
Q

how do the vagal axons reach the abdomen?

A

by passing through the diaphragm with the oesophagus

69
Q

what is the basic structure of the liver?

A

it is the hepatic lobule-hexagon shaped

70
Q

what is formed at each corner of the liver and what makes up this structure?

A

the bile duct - at each corner an arteriole (from hepatic a.) a venule (from portal v.) and a samll bile duct from the bile duct

71
Q

what is the arteriole, the venule and the small bile duct commonly referred to as?

A

the portal triad

72
Q

what does each portal triad provide?

A

they may provide blood to the several adjacent hepatic lobules

73
Q

what are the three major structures that the portal triad (or portal tract) contains?

A

portal vein (PV) hepaptic artery (HA) and bile duct (BD)

74
Q

where do the arteriole and venule of the hepatic lobule empty their blood?

A

they empty it into the spongy liver lobule

75
Q

what runs between the portal triad and central vein in the hepatic lobule?

A

blood capillary beds

76
Q

what are capillary beds lined with?

A

lined by fenestrated, leaky endothelium known as liver sinusoids

77
Q

meaning of fenestrated?

A

having one or more openings or pores.

78
Q

how is the blood flowing into the hepatic lobule of the liver drained out?

A

via the central vein

79
Q

what is bile produced by?

A

by the sheets of hepatocytes

80
Q

what is bile discharged into?

A

into bile canaliculi

81
Q

what do the bile canaliculi unite to form?

A

they form the interlobular ducts - lobular ducts

82
Q

what are the names of the ducts within the digestive system?

A

the hepatic ducts, cystic ducts and the bile duct

83
Q

where is the pancreas found?

A

the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity and it often presses against the stomach and liver

84
Q

what is the pancreas?

A

a small lobulated gland with two lobes joined by the body which is in contact with the pylorus

85
Q

where is the right lobe of the pancreas found?

A

it is within the mesoduodenum next to the duodenum

86
Q

where is the left lobe of the pancreas found?

A

it lies in the deep leaf of the greater omentum

87
Q

what supplies blood to the pancreas?

A

the coeliac and cranial mesentric artery branches

88
Q

where does the pancreatic duct open into?

A

opens into the duodenum together or just beside the bile duct

89
Q

which is the greater and which is the lesser pancreatic duct?

A

GREATER = pancreatic duct that open beside the bile duct into duodenum
LESSER = accessory pancreatic duct which opens on the opposite side

90
Q

where does the accessory duct open into?

A

open on the opposite side to the greater pancreatic duct

91
Q

In which species does only one duct commonly survive?

A

some e.g. sheep, pig

92
Q

when do pancreatic and bile ducts open in a horse?

A

they open at the first bend of the duodenal sigmoid flexure

93
Q

where does the common bile duct enter the duodenum in a dog?

A

it enters the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla adjacent to the pancreatic duct

94
Q

when do the bile duct and pancreatic duct conjoin in a cat?

A

just before they enter into the major duodenal papilla

95
Q

ligaments and peritoneal folds are?

A

connecting peritoneum

96
Q

What is the liver intimately attached to?

A

the diaphragm

97
Q

what side of the body does the liver occupy in most species?

A

right side of the body

98
Q

which lobe of the liver makes an m=impression on the right kindey as renal fossa?

A

caudate lobe

99
Q

where would you do the liver biopsy on a horse on the left hand side?

A

Liver biopsy-8th ICS: at the level of deltoid tuberosityof the humerus

100
Q

where does the ruminants liver extend from?

A

extends from 6th ICS to the 13th ICS

101
Q

ICS?

A

intercostal space

102
Q

which peritoneal fold is removed when performing cranial ventral abdominal incision to improve visualisation?

A

falciform

103
Q

which ligament divides the liver into right and left halves?

A

falciform

104
Q

which ligament is short and attaches liver to the central tendon of the diaphragm?

A

coronary ligament

105
Q

which vessel delivers livers oxygenated blod supply?

A

hepatic artery

106
Q

hepatic artery?

A

artery –> coeliac (it is a branch of this)

107
Q

which organ contains the sinuoids?

A

liver

108
Q

in the dog, where does the right love of the pancreas lie?

A

next to the descending duodenum

109
Q

what is the peritoneal fold that attache sintestine to the dorsal abdominal wall is?

A

messentery

110
Q

does a horse have a gall bladder?

A

no

111
Q

list four major functions of the liver:

A

Secreting bile for use in digestion

Filtering and neutralising foreign materials

Storing iron, glycogen, Vit A,D, B12

Carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism

112
Q

what is the function of sacculations (haustra) in the caecum and colon of the pig and horse?

A

Sacculations also called haustra seem to act like bucket! by accomodating extra volume, they can help to prolong the retention of contents, hence allowing more time for microbial digestion.

113
Q
A

STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) (23 decks)

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