Digestive system comparative anatomy of the liver and pancreas

Question 1

what are the functions of the liver?

Answer 1

waste products
secretion
storage
synthesis
protein, carb and lipid metabolism
immune function

Question 2

where is the largest gland in the abdominal cavity located?

Answer 2

caudal to the diaphragm

Question 3

what is the largest gland in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 3

liver

Question 4

name some species that do not have a gall bladder in the fossa?

Answer 4

horses, rats

Question 5

where is the gall bladder found?

Answer 5

between the right medial and quadrate lobe of the liver

Question 6

where does the bulk of the liver lie in all species (and in ruminants?)

Answer 6

bulk of it lies to the right in all species and in ruminants - entirely moved to the right

Question 7

what is the surface of the liver that is next to the diaphragm called?

Answer 7

parietal surface or diaphragmatic surface

Question 8

describe the shape of the surface of the liver that is next to the diaphragm:

Answer 8

it is strongly convex surface towards the diaphragm

Question 9

the liver is concave towards viscera - hence this surface is called the visceral surface, what does viscera mean?

Answer 9

lies against and impressed by stomach, duodenum etc.

Question 10

what is the visceral surface of the liver marked by?

Answer 10

it is marked by the porta of the liver

Question 11

what is the porta of the liver?

Answer 11

the visceral surface is marked by the porta of the liver

Question 12

what happens at the porta of the liver?

Answer 12

the bile duct, portal vein and hepatic vessels enter and leave here

Question 13

porta is latin for? think of its function/location:

Answer 13

gate

Question 14

what is the porta of the liver also known as?

Answer 14

as the hilar region of the liver

Question 15

where is the liver located?

Answer 15

cranial part of the abdomen

Question 16

what is cranial to the liver?

Answer 16

the diaphragm

Question 17

what is caudal to the liver?

Answer 17

the stomach, intestinal mass and right kidney

Question 18

does the right kidney make contact with the liver?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

what effect do the adjacent organs have on the liver?

Answer 19

the liver adopts the form of adjacent organs e.g. renal impression of the caudate lobe

Question 20

describe the location of the liver compared to the stomach in a dog?

Answer 20

to the left of the stomach (spleen)

Question 21

describe the location of the liver compared to the pancreas, kidney and duodenum in a dog?

Answer 21

it is located on the right of these organs

Question 22

describe the location of the liver compared to the greater omentum in a dog?

Answer 22

it is located ventrally to the greater omentum

Question 23

in a dog, what region does the liver reach on the ventral abdominal wall?

Answer 23

it reaches the umbilical region on the ventral abdominal wall

Question 24

in a dog, what does the most caudal part of the liver cover?

Answer 24

it covers the cranial extremity of the right kidney and reaches the 13th thoracic vertebra

Question 25

in a dog, where does the liver extend beyond?

Answer 25

it extends beyond the coastal arch ventrally MORE SO IN PUPS and IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

Question 26

Where do we carry out the liver biopsy on a dog?

Answer 26

puncture cadual to the xiphoid process

Question 27

where does the liver lie within a horse?

Answer 27

completely within the ribcage

Question 28

describe the location of the horse's liver compared to the diaphragm?

Answer 28

located obliquely across the diaphragm with the left lobe ventral and right lobe dorsal

Question 29

where does the caudal margin of the liver of a horse reach?

Answer 29

it reaches the 15th ICS

Question 30

where do we carry out the liver biopsy-12th ICS on a horse?

Answer 30

on a line between the tuber coxae and point of the shoulder (right hand side)

Question 31

where do we carry out the liver biopsy-8th ICS on a horse?

Answer 31

at the level of deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

Question 32

describe the liver of a rabbit:

Answer 32

the liver has five lobes with a deep cleft dividing it into right and left lobes

Question 33

how many lobes does the liver of a rabbit have?

Answer 33

5

Question 34

what kind of biopsy of the liver can be taken of a rabbit and where do we take this biopsy?

Answer 34

an ultrasound-guided biopsy can be taken ventrally from any lobe

Question 35

which lobe of a rabbit's liver has a narrow attachment?

Answer 35

the caudate lobe

Question 36

describe the narrow attachment on the caudate lobe of a rabbit?

Answer 36

there is a narrow attachment to the porta region of the liver and this could be a site of liver torsion

Question 37

is there a gall bladder present in a rabbit?

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

where does the liver reach to (cover) in a cow?

Answer 38

liver reaches dorsally as far as the last rib

Question 39

where is the liver biopsy site on a cow?

Answer 39

it is 10th ICS: 1/4 the way down the length of the rib

Question 40

where does the gall bladder rest in a cow?

Answer 40

rests 10th ICS

Question 41

what is the liver covered by?

Answer 41

by serosa which is overlying thin connective tissue capsule (tunica fibrosa)

Question 42

liver: what is serosa?

Answer 42

visceral peritoneum

Question 43

liver: in what animal is tunica fibrosa especially strong in?

Answer 43

pigs

Question 44

what liver attachment has no supportive function? what other kind of function does it have?

Answer 44

peritoneal folds (no supportive function) BUT carry blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

Question 45

liver: where is the falciform ligament found?

Answer 45

between the liver and diaphragm and the ventral abdominal wall

Question 46

liver: what is the round ligament and where is it found?

Answer 46

it is a fibrous strand in the free edge of the falciform ligament

Question 47

liver: which ligament is the umbilical vein remnant?

Answer 47

falciform ligament

Question 48

what is the lesser omentum?

Answer 48

it is an attachment of the liver

Question 49

what ligaments are found in the lesser omentum of the liver?

Answer 49

hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligament

Question 50

what function do ligaments have?

Answer 50

they have a supportive function - attach to the liver firmly

Question 51

what do the peritoneal folds serve as?

Answer 51

serve to fix organs in position - serve as ligaments

Question 52

where is the coronary ligament of the liver found and what does it attach to?

Answer 52

they surround the caudal vena cava and attaches the liver to the central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 53

where is the triangular ligament of the liver found?

Answer 53

it extends between the dorsal part of the liver on each side of the diaphragm

Question 54

where do the right and left triangular and coronary ligaments pass to of the liver?

Answer 54

they pass to the diaphragm from the parietal surface

Question 55

describe the cores of the right and left triangular and coronary ligaments of the liver?

Answer 55

they have fibrous cores

Question 56

describe the blood supply of the liver?

Answer 56

it has a dual blood supply

Question 57

what does the dual blood supply of the liver consist of?

Answer 57

the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery

Question 58

what is the hepatic portal vein of the liver?

Answer 58

it is a large vein carrying nutrient rich blood from the unpaired organs into the liver

Question 59

what percentage of the blood flow to the liver comes from the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 59

60-70% blood flow

Question 60

what does the hepatic artery of the liver do?

Answer 60

supplies fresh oxygenated (nutritional) blood

Question 61

what blood does the hepatic portal vein receive?

Answer 61

receives the venous blood from all unpaired abdominal organs

Question 62

give examples of the unpaired abdominal organs?

Answer 62

stomach, pancreas, spleen and intestines

Question 63

what happens to the blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery branches?

Answer 63

it mixes within the hepatic sinusoids before collecting in central veins

Question 64

what happens to the central veins?

Answer 64

they merge and eventually form hepatic veins that drain into the abdominal portion of the caudal vena cava

Question 65

what nerves innervate the liver?

Answer 65

both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves

Question 66

where does the liver receive fibres from?

Answer 66

from the vagal trunk

Question 67

where does the liver receive sympathetic axons from?

Answer 67

from the celiac plexus/ganglion

Question 68

how do the vagal axons reach the abdomen?

Answer 68

by passing through the diaphragm with the oesophagus

Question 69

what is the basic structure of the liver?

Answer 69

it is the hepatic lobule-hexagon shaped

Question 70

what is formed at each corner of the liver and what makes up this structure?

Answer 70

the bile duct - at each corner an arteriole (from hepatic a.) a venule (from portal v.) and a samll bile duct from the bile duct

Question 71

what is the arteriole, the venule and the small bile duct commonly referred to as?

Answer 71

the portal triad

Question 72

what does each portal triad provide?

Answer 72

they may provide blood to the several adjacent hepatic lobules

Question 73

what are the three major structures that the portal triad (or portal tract) contains?

Answer 73

portal vein (PV) hepaptic artery (HA) and bile duct (BD)

Question 74

where do the arteriole and venule of the hepatic lobule empty their blood?

Answer 74

they empty it into the spongy liver lobule

Question 75

what runs between the portal triad and central vein in the hepatic lobule?

Answer 75

blood capillary beds

Question 76

what are capillary beds lined with?

Answer 76

lined by fenestrated, leaky endothelium known as liver sinusoids

Question 77

meaning of fenestrated?

Answer 77

having one or more openings or pores.

Question 78

how is the blood flowing into the hepatic lobule of the liver drained out?

Answer 78

via the central vein

Question 79

what is bile produced by?

Answer 79

by the sheets of hepatocytes

Question 80

what is bile discharged into?

Answer 80

into bile canaliculi

Question 81

what do the bile canaliculi unite to form?

Answer 81

they form the interlobular ducts - lobular ducts

Question 82

what are the names of the ducts within the digestive system?

Answer 82

the hepatic ducts, cystic ducts and the bile duct

Question 83

where is the pancreas found?

Answer 83

the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity and it often presses against the stomach and liver

Question 84

what is the pancreas?

Answer 84

a small lobulated gland with two lobes joined by the body which is in contact with the pylorus

Question 85

where is the right lobe of the pancreas found?

Answer 85

it is within the mesoduodenum next to the duodenum

Question 86

where is the left lobe of the pancreas found?

Answer 86

it lies in the deep leaf of the greater omentum

Question 87

what supplies blood to the pancreas?

Answer 87

the coeliac and cranial mesentric artery branches

Question 88

where does the pancreatic duct open into?

Answer 88

opens into the duodenum together or just beside the bile duct

Question 89

which is the greater and which is the lesser pancreatic duct?

Answer 89

GREATER = pancreatic duct that open beside the bile duct into duodenum LESSER = accessory pancreatic duct which opens on the opposite side

Question 90

where does the accessory duct open into?

Answer 90

open on the opposite side to the greater pancreatic duct

Question 91

In which species does only one duct commonly survive?

Answer 91

some e.g. sheep, pig

Question 92

when do pancreatic and bile ducts open in a horse?

Answer 92

they open at the first bend of the duodenal sigmoid flexure

Question 93

where does the common bile duct enter the duodenum in a dog?

Answer 93

it enters the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla adjacent to the pancreatic duct

Question 94

when do the bile duct and pancreatic duct conjoin in a cat?

Answer 94

just before they enter into the major duodenal papilla

Question 95

ligaments and peritoneal folds are?

Answer 95

connecting peritoneum

Question 96

What is the liver intimately attached to?

Answer 96

the diaphragm

Question 97

what side of the body does the liver occupy in most species?

Answer 97

right side of the body

Question 98

which lobe of the liver makes an m=impression on the right kindey as renal fossa?

Answer 98

caudate lobe

Question 99

where would you do the liver biopsy on a horse on the left hand side?

Answer 99

Liver biopsy-8th ICS: at the level of deltoid tuberosityof the humerus

Question 100

where does the ruminants liver extend from?

Answer 100

extends from 6th ICS to the 13th ICS

Question 101

ICS?

Answer 101

intercostal space

Question 102

which peritoneal fold is removed when performing cranial ventral abdominal incision to improve visualisation?

Answer 102

falciform

Question 103

which ligament divides the liver into right and left halves?

Answer 103

falciform

Question 104

which ligament is short and attaches liver to the central tendon of the diaphragm?

Answer 104

coronary ligament

Question 105

which vessel delivers livers oxygenated blod supply?

Answer 105

hepatic artery

Question 106

hepatic artery?

Answer 106

artery --> coeliac (it is a branch of this)

Question 107

which organ contains the sinuoids?

Answer 107

liver

Question 108

in the dog, where does the right love of the pancreas lie?

Answer 108

next to the descending duodenum

Question 109

what is the peritoneal fold that attache sintestine to the dorsal abdominal wall is?

Answer 109

messentery

Question 110

does a horse have a gall bladder?

Answer 110

no

Question 111

list four major functions of the liver:

Answer 111

Secreting bile for use in digestion Filtering and neutralising foreign materials Storing iron, glycogen, Vit A,D, B12 Carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism

Question 112

what is the function of sacculations (haustra) in the caecum and colon of the pig and horse?

Answer 112

Sacculations also called haustra seem to act like bucket! by accomodating extra volume, they can help to prolong the retention of contents, hence allowing more time for microbial digestion.