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STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) > Comparative Guts > Flashcards

Comparative Guts Flashcards

Teresa - Nutrition

1
Q

What do carnivores primarily consume?

A

primarily animal tissue

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2
Q

what do herbivores primarily consume?

A

plant material

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3
Q

what do omnivores primarily consume?

A

plant and animal tissue

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4
Q

What are the anatomical adaptations which allow for prehension and mastication?

A

mouth and teeth

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5
Q

How does the stomach aid in digestion?

A

it is the holding chamber and used during pre-digestion

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6
Q

what occurs in the small intestine?

A

digestion and absorption

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7
Q

what occurs in the large intestine?

A

digestion and absorption

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8
Q

what are the components of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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9
Q

what are the components of the large intestine?

A

the caecum, colon and rectum

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10
Q

Describe the biting method of a dog - prehension:

A

food is seized by the incisor and canine teeth; brought into mouth by jerking movements of the head and jaw

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11
Q

Describe the biting method of a pig- prehension:

A

rooting, feral pigs - 75% of their active time in foraging related activities e.g. rotting, grazing and exploring with their snout

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12
Q

Describe the biting method of a chicken- prehension:

A

picks up their food in toothless beak, passes to the base of tongue preparatory to swallowing

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13
Q

what is the selective food behaviour of a dog?

A

large, infrequent meals - rapid ingestion

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14
Q

what is the selective food behaviour of a pig?

A

9.2-11.7 meals a day
7.4-5.3 mins per meal
Total time spent eating/day is 60.4-55.7 min
Total intake 2.7-2.8 kg/day

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15
Q

what is the selective food behaviour of a chicken?

A

influenced by colour

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16
Q

what are the food preferences of a dog?

A

meat

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17
Q

what are the food preferences of a pig?

A

varied diet; anything that has nutritional value e.g. roots, shoots, fruits, worms, amphibians and rodents

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18
Q

what are the food preferences of a chicken?

A

grains, insects, some grass, grit

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19
Q

Describe the biting method of a ruminant- prehension:

A

long, muscular tongue pulls grass/hay into mouth, cutting it between lower incisors & upper gum by upward movement of head & neck (sheep use lips)

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20
Q

Describe the biting method of a horse- prehension:

A

lips & incisor teeth cutting or tearing the vegetation by jerking movements of the head or neck

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21
Q

Describe the biting method of a rabbit- prehension:

A

bite/tear

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22
Q

Describe the selective food behaviour of a ruminant:

A

rapid ingestion of high quality grass, very limited initial chewing, retreat to safety of herd to ruminate

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23
Q

Describe the selective food behaviour of a horse:

A

able to choose low quality grasses that are short. trickle graze, bite and then spend time chewing before swallowing and then move to the next area. Spend 16-18 hrs in 24 hours grazing

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24
Q

Describe the selective food behaviour of a rabbit:

A

rapid ingestion of high-quality pasture at dawn and dusk

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25
Q

what are the food preferences of ruminants?

A

pasture

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26
Q

what are the food preferences of horses?

A

pasture

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27
Q

what are the food preferences of rabbits?

A

pasture

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28
Q

Where is the jaw joint located in relation to the teeth in a carnivore?

A

same plane as molar teeth

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29
Q

Where is the jaw joint located in relation to the teeth in a herbivore?

A

above plane of molars

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30
Q

Where is the jaw joint located in relation to the teeth in a omnivore?

A

same plane as molar teeth

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31
Q

Where is the jaw joint located in relation to the teeth in a human?

A

above the plane of molars

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32
Q

describe the jaw motion in a carnivore:

A

carnivore shearing, minimal side to side motion

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33
Q

describe the jaw motion in a herbivore:

A

no shear, good side-to-side, front-to-back

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34
Q

describe the jaw motion in an omnivore:

A

shearing, minimal side-to-side

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35
Q

describe the jaw motion in a human:

A

no shear, good side-to-side, front-to-back

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36
Q

type of jaw joint for a carnivore?

A

it is a hinge-type joint

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37
Q

describe the movement of the jaw for a hinge-type jaw joint of a carnivore:

A

when a carnivore closes its jaw, the cheek teeth act in a back-to-front fashion = smooth cutting motion

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38
Q

describe the movement of the lower jaw of a carnivore:

A

it cannot forward, very limited side-to-side motion

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39
Q

describe the incisors of a carnivore:

A

the incisors are short, pointed & prong-like, used for grasping and shredding

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40
Q

describe the canines of carnivors:

A

they are elongated & dagger-like for stabbing, tearing and killing prey

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41
Q

describe the molars (carnassials) of carnivores:

A

they are flattened and triangular with jagged edges; function like serrated-edged blades

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42
Q

describe the jaw joint of herbivores:

A

it is less stable than hinge-type joint of the carnivore
it is mobile and allows the complex jaw motions

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43
Q

describe the molars of herbivores:

A

upper and lower premolars and molars meet along length of the jaw and provide a grinding platform

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44
Q

describe the mandible of herbivores:

A

wide angle of the mandible provides broad area of attachment for the well-developed masseter & pterygoid muscles

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45
Q

what do the masseter and pterygoid muscles hold?

A

they hold the mandible in a sling-like arrangement to swing the jaw from side-to-side

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46
Q

describe the surface area of the jaw of herbivores:

A

wide flattened surface area
ruminants have greater surface area

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47
Q

GIT of carnivore and which one does the majority of fermentation take place in?

A

STOMACH, small intestine and large intestine

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48
Q

GIT of ruminants and which one does the majority of fermentation take place in?

A

FORE-STOMACH, stomach (abomasum), small intestine, large intestine

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49
Q

GIT of single stomached herbivores and which one does the majority of fermentation take place in?

A

stomach, small intestine and LARGE INTESTINE

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50
Q

GIT of birds and which one does the majority of fermentation take place in?

A

crop, pro-vestriculus, gizzard, small intestine, large intestine

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51
Q

minimum sward height grazed by sheep?

A

3cm

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52
Q

minimum sward height grazed by cattle?

A

> 6cm

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53
Q

minimum sward height grazed by horses and ponies?

A

2cm

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54
Q

minimum sward height grazed by rabbits?

A

1cm

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55
Q

minimum sward height grazed by goats?

A

> 6cm

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56
Q

minimum sward height grazed by red deer?

A

1cm

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57
Q

minimum sward height grazed by mountain horses?

A

3cm

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58
Q

good grinding movement teeth structure?

A

wide flattened surface area
ruminants greater surface area

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59
Q

What is the relevance of chewing?

A

1.break down food so small enough to swallow
2. saliva production - some animals produce saliva in anticipation of food
others only when physically chewing (horse)
more chew = more saliva
1ml of saliva for every chew

60
Q

bicarbonate is found in?

A

saliva

61
Q

importance of saliva in cow? (26)

A
62
Q

importance of saliva in horse? (26)

A
63
Q

which requires most chewing?

A

straw

64
Q

27, 28

A
65
Q

tooth shape of dog?

A

conical tooth shape

66
Q

spacing in a dog’s mouth?

A

wide inter-dental spacing
reduced stuff stuck in teeth as they don’t have saliva to help get it out

67
Q

29

A
68
Q

what maintains dental health in dogs?

A

low carb and dental anatomy maintains dental health

69
Q

what shows a healthy ruminant mouth?

A

adequate lateral grinding and routine dental care will help maintain gut health and mouth to bottom

70
Q

31,

A
71
Q

simple stomached?

A

monogastric

72
Q

anatomy function of the stomach of cows, sheep, goats (ruminants)

A

have a large complex four chambered stomach - four stomachs
fermentation of plant material, buffered by saliva

73
Q

33,34,35,36

A
74
Q

unfed pH of dog’s stomach?

A

pH = 1.8

75
Q

one of the most acidic stomach?

A

dog

76
Q

post prandial pH of dog?

A

pH = 2.1

77
Q

38, 39

A
78
Q

4 stomachs of ruminants?

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

79
Q

reticulum?

A

‘honeycomb’ appearance, a light grey in colour
mechanical grinding and stores non food objects

80
Q

41

A
81
Q

saliva buffering pH of horses stomach?

A

pH 6.2-6.8

82
Q

acidity of horses stomach?

A

very - pH 2

83
Q

pH for saliva buffering?

A

pH 5

84
Q

44

A
85
Q

1g starch per bodyweight per meal

A

doesn’t overwhelm small intestine (horses) and maintains healthy bodyweight

86
Q

how do we maintain a healthy stomach?

A

match meal size to stomach size
no more than 1g of starch per kg per meal
small nets of hay –> reduced dry matter accumulation in stomach

87
Q

46, 47, 48

A
88
Q

Describe the formula of the teeth for dogs:

A

3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/3

89
Q

Describe the formula of the teeth for pigs:

A

3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3

90
Q

Describe the formula of the teeth for ruminants:

A

0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3

91
Q

Describe the formula of the teeth for horses:

A

3/3, 1/1, 3/3,4 , 3/3

92
Q

Describe the formula of the teeth for rabbits:

A

2/1, 0/0, 3/2, 3/3

93
Q

What is the chewing mechanism for dogs?

A

vertical movement only, tear and rip food, gnaw till small enough to swallow

94
Q

What is the chewing mechanism for pigs?

A

crushing and grinding movements, consecutive bilateral grinding, a very rapid rate of mastication

95
Q

What is the chewing mechanism for chickens?

A

pecking food whole

96
Q

What is the chewing mechanism for ruminants?

A

Partial chewing, regurgitate and ruminate
Mechanically disrupts plant cell walls

97
Q

What is the chewing mechanism for horses?

A

Chew intensively cellulose in grasses and highly abrasive to teeth

98
Q

What is the chewing mechanism for rabbits?

A

shearing, rapid irregular surface, help to crush hard fibrous food

99
Q

Describe the importance of saliva in cows - focusing on the amount of bicarbonate + phosphate:

A

saliva contains massive amounts on bicarbonate and phosphate which aids microbial growth and therefore fermentation in rumen
pH = 8.2

100
Q

Describe the importance of saliva in cows - focusing on its ability to recycle:

A

it recycles nitrogen and minerals used by bacteria in rumen
it also recycles urea and binds plant tannins

101
Q

As saliva is high in bicarbonate - what does this enable saliva to do?

A

it enables saliva to buffer 1/3rd acids produced by bacteria

102
Q

Importance of saliva for both horses and cows?

A

it maintains pH above 5, ensures fermentation and minimises risk of acidosis

103
Q

importance of saliva to horses?

A

acts as a buffer in upper proximal stomach to keep pH at 6 (6.2-6.8)
source of bicarb
minimises risk of choke

104
Q

what enzyme does the dog lack in its saliva?

A

it lacks the starch digesting enzyme a-amylase in its saliva
this lack is reflected in the eating behaviour of dogs which tend to eat all foods quickly apart from the toughest foods

105
Q

what food type generates the most amount of saliva for cows and horses?

A

hay - it is the toughest so requires more chewing therefore more saliva is produced

106
Q

what type of food generates the least amount of saliva for horses and cows?

A

pellets concentrate feed

107
Q

if roughage (forage) quality is poor, what does this mean for saliva production?

A

they have to chew more in order to get fibre small enough physically to swallow

108
Q

what does eating very good quality grass or cereal mean for saliva production?

A

these do not require so much chewing so less saliva is produced

109
Q

how much saliva is produced from a dogs parotid gland?

A

mean 0.55ml/min

110
Q

how much saliva is produced from a dog’s submaxillary gland?

A

mean 1.31 ml/min
for evaporative cooling

111
Q

for oral health, what should a dogs diet be low in?

A

should be low in fermentable carbs

112
Q

what should the pH be in order to maintain a good oral health for a dog?

A

higher salivary pH (mean pH 7.5 equivalent of 6.5 in humans)
acids produced by bacterial fermentation of carbs buffered by saliva

113
Q

why do dogs have to be ‘careful’ when consuming starch - concerning their dental health?

A

no salivary amylase to break down starches which are retained in and around the teeth

114
Q

how does the conical tooth shape of a dog help with its oral health?

A

wider inter dental spacing - less food to get stuck
less area for food impaction and stagnation

115
Q

with fresh grass, how many chews per second and how many chews per hour does a horse carry out?

A

1 chew per second
3600 chews per hour

116
Q

with fresh grass, how many chews per second and how many chews per hour can a ruminant carry out?

A

0.2 chews per second
734 chews per hour

117
Q

for fresh grass what is the intake for ruminants and for a horse?

A

ruminants –> 238g/min
horse –> 66g/min

118
Q

What is the saliva production when a horse is eating fresh grass?

A

0.71l/kg

119
Q

What is the saliva production when ruminants are eating fresh grass?

A

0.94l/kg

120
Q

what is the mean total saliva in litre per day for horses when eating fresh grass?

A

44 litres

121
Q

what is the mean total saliva in litre per day for ruminants when eating fresh grass?

A

80l for sheep
150l for cows
saliva provides 70% water enteirng rumen

122
Q

what is the mean total saliva in litre per day for dogs?

A

0.5 l

123
Q

what is the fermentation of plant material in ruminants buffered by?

A

saliva

124
Q

what type of fermenters are horses and rabbits?

A

hind gut fermenters

125
Q

describe the stomach of the horses and rabbits?

A

simple stomach & adapted caecum/colon (hindgut)
the stomach has two distinct reigons

126
Q

describe the stomach anatomy of dogs and pigs:

A

simple one chambered stomach
acidic stomach

127
Q

what is the capacity and the relative capacity (of GIT) of the stomach (in litres) for carnivores?

A

4.3 litres
62.3% rel cap

128
Q

what is the capacity and the relative capacity (of GIT) of the stomach (in litres) for ruminants?

A

252.5 litres
70.8% rel cap

129
Q

what is the capacity and the relative capacity (of GIT) of the stomach (in litres) for horses?

A

18l
8.5% rel cap

130
Q

what is the capacity and the relative capacity (of the GIT) of the stomach (in litres) for chickens?

A

less than a litre

131
Q

why are larger and longer guts needed?

A

for adequate retention time for breakdown and absorption of low quality food
you need an increased digestive compartment size - a special enlarged compartment(s) to maintain a microbiota

132
Q

what is important for fermentative processes?

A

these processes carried out by symbiotic microorganisms are important for cellulose degradation

133
Q

what is the complete gastric emptying times of intact kibble fed at 8g/kgBW for a dog? (stomach retention time)

A

takes 7-9 hours

134
Q

what is the complete gastric emptying times of ground kibble fed at 8g/kgBW for a dog? (stomach retention time)

A

5-10 hours

135
Q

at what size does meat leave the stomach in dogs?

A

at particles smaller than 2mm in diam

136
Q

how long does the food stay in the stomach for? (dogs)
- Dried food w/ 10% moisture

A

8-10 hours
the food = unchanged in the stomach for 480-600 mins after eating
stomach is completely empty after 900 mins

137
Q

how long does the food stay in the stomach for? (dogs)
- Canned food with 70% moisture

A

food started to enter the duodenum after 270 mins
stomach appeared empty 420-480 after eating

138
Q

how long does the food stay in the stomach for? (dogs)
- Fresh food –> fish with 75% moisture

A

the food in the duodenum 30 min after eating
empty by 240-360 min

139
Q

describe the form of the rumen (of a ruminant) and how it is adapted for function?

A

the inner surface is like a shag carpet. These are the papillae that are needed for absorption of bacteria fermentation byproducts (food)

140
Q

describe the form of the abomasum (of a ruminant) and how it is adapted for function?

A

it is glandular - equivalent to monogastric (simple) stomach; j haped
acid digestion, not a holding chamber

141
Q

describe the form of the omasum (of a ruminant) and how it is adapted for function?

A

it is a heavy, hard organ that contains many ‘leaves’ much like a book
water absorption is used to help grind up food particles

142
Q

regions of the equine stomach?

A

upper, lower, non-glandular stomach and glandular stomach

143
Q

what is the crop of a bird?

A

it is out pocketing of oesophagus
temporary storage pouch
feed and water stored
allows bird to consume food fast and hide from predators

144
Q

proventriculus?

A

it is the true stomah of a bird
it is glandular and it secretes HCI and enzymes

145
Q

what is the ventriculus/gizzrd?

A

it is the mechanical stomach of the bird
it grinds food/acts as bird’s teeth
grinds, mixed and mashes

146
Q

up to slide 24

A
147
Q
A

STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) (26 decks)

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