Comparative Guts Flashcards
Teresa - Nutrition
1
Q
What do carnivores primarily consume?
A
primarily animal tissue
2
Q
what do herbivores primarily consume?
A
plant material
3
Q
what do omnivores primarily consume?
A
plant and animal tissue
4
Q
What are the anatomical adaptations which allow for prehension and mastication?
A
mouth and teeth
5
Q
How does the stomach aid in digestion?
A
it is the holding chamber and used during pre-digestion
6
Q
what occurs in the small intestine?
A
digestion and absorption
7
Q
what occurs in the large intestine?
A
digestion and absorption
8
Q
what are the components of the small intestine?
A
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
9
Q
what are the components of the large intestine?
A
the caecum, colon and rectum
10
Q
Describe the biting method of a dog - prehension:
A
food is seized by the incisor and canine teeth; brought into mouth by jerking movements of the head and jaw
11
Q
Describe the biting method of a pig- prehension:
A
rooting, feral pigs - 75% of their active time in foraging related activities e.g. rotting, grazing and exploring with their snout
12
Q
Describe the biting method of a chicken- prehension:
A
picks up their food in toothless beak, passes to the base of tongue preparatory to swallowing
13
Q
what is the selective food behaviour of a dog?
A
large, infrequent meals - rapid ingestion
14
Q
what is the selective food behaviour of a pig?
A
9.2-11.7 meals a day
7.4-5.3 mins per meal
Total time spent eating/day is 60.4-55.7 min
Total intake 2.7-2.8 kg/day
15
Q
what is the selective food behaviour of a chicken?
A
influenced by colour
16
Q
what are the food preferences of a dog?
A
meat
17
Q
what are the food preferences of a pig?
A
varied diet; anything that has nutritional value e.g. roots, shoots, fruits, worms, amphibians and rodents
18
Q
what are the food preferences of a chicken?
A
grains, insects, some grass, grit
19
Q
Describe the biting method of a ruminant- prehension:
A
long, muscular tongue pulls grass/hay into mouth, cutting it between lower incisors & upper gum by upward movement of head & neck (sheep use lips)
20
Q
Describe the biting method of a horse- prehension:
A
lips & incisor teeth cutting or tearing the vegetation by jerking movements of the head or neck
21
Q
Describe the biting method of a rabbit- prehension:
A
bite/tear
22
Q
Describe the selective food behaviour of a ruminant:
A
rapid ingestion of high quality grass, very limited initial chewing, retreat to safety of herd to ruminate
23
Q
Describe the selective food behaviour of a horse:
A
able to choose low quality grasses that are short. trickle graze, bite and then spend time chewing before swallowing and then move to the next area. Spend 16-18 hrs in 24 hours grazing
24
Q
Describe the selective food behaviour of a rabbit:
A
rapid ingestion of high-quality pasture at dawn and dusk
25
what are the food preferences of ruminants?
pasture
26
what are the food preferences of horses?
pasture
27
what are the food preferences of rabbits?
pasture
28
Where is the jaw joint located in relation to the teeth in a carnivore?
same plane as molar teeth
29
Where is the jaw joint located in relation to the teeth in a herbivore?
above plane of molars
30
Where is the jaw joint located in relation to the teeth in a omnivore?
same plane as molar teeth
31
Where is the jaw joint located in relation to the teeth in a human?
above the plane of molars
32
describe the jaw motion in a carnivore:
carnivore shearing, minimal side to side motion
33
describe the jaw motion in a herbivore:
no shear, good side-to-side, front-to-back
34
describe the jaw motion in an omnivore:
shearing, minimal side-to-side
35
describe the jaw motion in a human:
no shear, good side-to-side, front-to-back
36
type of jaw joint for a carnivore?
it is a hinge-type joint
37
describe the movement of the jaw for a hinge-type jaw joint of a carnivore:
when a carnivore closes its jaw, the cheek teeth act in a back-to-front fashion = smooth cutting motion
38
describe the movement of the lower jaw of a carnivore:
it cannot forward, very limited side-to-side motion
39
describe the incisors of a carnivore:
the incisors are short, pointed & prong-like, used for grasping and shredding
40
describe the canines of carnivors:
they are elongated & dagger-like for stabbing, tearing and killing prey
41
describe the molars (carnassials) of carnivores:
they are flattened and triangular with jagged edges; function like serrated-edged blades
42
describe the jaw joint of herbivores:
it is less stable than hinge-type joint of the carnivore
it is mobile and allows the complex jaw motions
43
describe the molars of herbivores:
upper and lower premolars and molars meet along length of the jaw and provide a grinding platform
44
describe the mandible of herbivores:
wide angle of the mandible provides broad area of attachment for the well-developed masseter & pterygoid muscles
45
what do the masseter and pterygoid muscles hold?
they hold the mandible in a sling-like arrangement to swing the jaw from side-to-side
46
describe the surface area of the jaw of herbivores:
wide flattened surface area
ruminants have greater surface area
47
GIT of carnivore and which one does the majority of fermentation take place in?
STOMACH, small intestine and large intestine
48
GIT of ruminants and which one does the majority of fermentation take place in?
FORE-STOMACH, stomach (abomasum), small intestine, large intestine
49
GIT of single stomached herbivores and which one does the majority of fermentation take place in?
stomach, small intestine and LARGE INTESTINE
50
GIT of birds and which one does the majority of fermentation take place in?
crop, pro-vestriculus, gizzard, small intestine, large intestine
51
minimum sward height grazed by sheep?
3cm
52
minimum sward height grazed by cattle?
>6cm
53
minimum sward height grazed by horses and ponies?
2cm
54
minimum sward height grazed by rabbits?
1cm
55
minimum sward height grazed by goats?
>6cm
56
minimum sward height grazed by red deer?
1cm
57
minimum sward height grazed by mountain horses?
3cm
58
good grinding movement teeth structure?
wide flattened surface area
ruminants greater surface area
59
What is the relevance of chewing?
1.break down food so small enough to swallow
2. saliva production - some animals produce saliva in anticipation of food
others only when physically chewing (horse)
more chew = more saliva
1ml of saliva for every chew
60
bicarbonate is found in?
saliva
61
importance of saliva in cow? (26)
62
importance of saliva in horse? (26)
63
which requires most chewing?
straw
64
27, 28
65
tooth shape of dog?
conical tooth shape
66
spacing in a dog's mouth?
wide inter-dental spacing
reduced stuff stuck in teeth as they don't have saliva to help get it out
67
29
68
what maintains dental health in dogs?
low carb and dental anatomy maintains dental health
69
what shows a healthy ruminant mouth?
adequate lateral grinding and routine dental care will help maintain gut health and mouth to bottom
70
31,
71
simple stomached?
monogastric
72
anatomy function of the stomach of cows, sheep, goats (ruminants)
have a large complex four chambered stomach - four stomachs
fermentation of plant material, buffered by saliva
73
33,34,35,36
74
unfed pH of dog's stomach?
pH = 1.8
75
one of the most acidic stomach?
dog
76
post prandial pH of dog?
pH = 2.1
77
38, 39
78
4 stomachs of ruminants?
rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
79
reticulum?
'honeycomb' appearance, a light grey in colour
mechanical grinding and stores non food objects
80
41
81
saliva buffering pH of horses stomach?
pH 6.2-6.8
82
acidity of horses stomach?
very - pH 2
83
pH for saliva buffering?
pH 5
84
44
85
1g starch per bodyweight per meal
doesn't overwhelm small intestine (horses) and maintains healthy bodyweight
86
how do we maintain a healthy stomach?
match meal size to stomach size
no more than 1g of starch per kg per meal
small nets of hay --> reduced dry matter accumulation in stomach
87
46, 47, 48
88
Describe the formula of the teeth for dogs:
3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/3
89
Describe the formula of the teeth for pigs:
3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3
90
Describe the formula of the teeth for ruminants:
0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3
91
Describe the formula of the teeth for horses:
3/3, 1/1, 3/3,4 , 3/3
92
Describe the formula of the teeth for rabbits:
2/1, 0/0, 3/2, 3/3
93
What is the chewing mechanism for dogs?
vertical movement only, tear and rip food, gnaw till small enough to swallow
94
What is the chewing mechanism for pigs?
crushing and grinding movements, consecutive bilateral grinding, a very rapid rate of mastication
95
What is the chewing mechanism for chickens?
pecking food whole
96
What is the chewing mechanism for ruminants?
Partial chewing, regurgitate and ruminate
Mechanically disrupts plant cell walls
97
What is the chewing mechanism for horses?
Chew intensively cellulose in grasses and highly abrasive to teeth
98
What is the chewing mechanism for rabbits?
shearing, rapid irregular surface, help to crush hard fibrous food
99
Describe the importance of saliva in cows - focusing on the amount of bicarbonate + phosphate:
saliva contains massive amounts on bicarbonate and phosphate which aids microbial growth and therefore fermentation in rumen
pH = 8.2
100
Describe the importance of saliva in cows - focusing on its ability to recycle:
it recycles nitrogen and minerals used by bacteria in rumen
it also recycles urea and binds plant tannins
101
As saliva is high in bicarbonate - what does this enable saliva to do?
it enables saliva to buffer 1/3rd acids produced by bacteria
102
Importance of saliva for both horses and cows?
it maintains pH above 5, ensures fermentation and minimises risk of acidosis
103
importance of saliva to horses?
acts as a buffer in upper proximal stomach to keep pH at 6 (6.2-6.8)
source of bicarb
minimises risk of choke
104
what enzyme does the dog lack in its saliva?
it lacks the starch digesting enzyme a-amylase in its saliva
this lack is reflected in the eating behaviour of dogs which tend to eat all foods quickly apart from the toughest foods
105
what food type generates the most amount of saliva for cows and horses?
hay - it is the toughest so requires more chewing therefore more saliva is produced
106
what type of food generates the least amount of saliva for horses and cows?
pellets concentrate feed
107
if roughage (forage) quality is poor, what does this mean for saliva production?
they have to chew more in order to get fibre small enough physically to swallow
108
what does eating very good quality grass or cereal mean for saliva production?
these do not require so much chewing so less saliva is produced
109
how much saliva is produced from a dogs parotid gland?
mean 0.55ml/min
110
how much saliva is produced from a dog's submaxillary gland?
mean 1.31 ml/min
for evaporative cooling
111
for oral health, what should a dogs diet be low in?
should be low in fermentable carbs
112
what should the pH be in order to maintain a good oral health for a dog?
higher salivary pH (mean pH 7.5 equivalent of 6.5 in humans)
acids produced by bacterial fermentation of carbs buffered by saliva
113
why do dogs have to be 'careful' when consuming starch - concerning their dental health?
no salivary amylase to break down starches which are retained in and around the teeth
114
how does the conical tooth shape of a dog help with its oral health?
wider inter dental spacing - less food to get stuck
less area for food impaction and stagnation
115
with fresh grass, how many chews per second and how many chews per hour does a horse carry out?
1 chew per second
3600 chews per hour
116
with fresh grass, how many chews per second and how many chews per hour can a ruminant carry out?
0.2 chews per second
734 chews per hour
117
for fresh grass what is the intake for ruminants and for a horse?
ruminants --> 238g/min
horse --> 66g/min
118
What is the saliva production when a horse is eating fresh grass?
0.71l/kg
119
What is the saliva production when ruminants are eating fresh grass?
0.94l/kg
120
what is the mean total saliva in litre per day for horses when eating fresh grass?
44 litres
121
what is the mean total saliva in litre per day for ruminants when eating fresh grass?
80l for sheep
150l for cows
saliva provides 70% water enteirng rumen
122
what is the mean total saliva in litre per day for dogs?
0.5 l
123
what is the fermentation of plant material in ruminants buffered by?
saliva
124
what type of fermenters are horses and rabbits?
hind gut fermenters
125
describe the stomach of the horses and rabbits?
simple stomach & adapted caecum/colon (hindgut)
the stomach has two distinct reigons
126
describe the stomach anatomy of dogs and pigs:
simple one chambered stomach
acidic stomach
127
what is the capacity and the relative capacity (of GIT) of the stomach (in litres) for carnivores?
4.3 litres
62.3% rel cap
128
what is the capacity and the relative capacity (of GIT) of the stomach (in litres) for ruminants?
252.5 litres
70.8% rel cap
129
what is the capacity and the relative capacity (of GIT) of the stomach (in litres) for horses?
18l
8.5% rel cap
130
what is the capacity and the relative capacity (of the GIT) of the stomach (in litres) for chickens?
less than a litre
131
why are larger and longer guts needed?
for adequate retention time for breakdown and absorption of low quality food
you need an increased digestive compartment size - a special enlarged compartment(s) to maintain a microbiota
132
what is important for fermentative processes?
these processes carried out by symbiotic microorganisms are important for cellulose degradation
133
what is the complete gastric emptying times of intact kibble fed at 8g/kgBW for a dog? (stomach retention time)
takes 7-9 hours
134
what is the complete gastric emptying times of ground kibble fed at 8g/kgBW for a dog? (stomach retention time)
5-10 hours
135
at what size does meat leave the stomach in dogs?
at particles smaller than 2mm in diam
136
how long does the food stay in the stomach for? (dogs)
- Dried food w/ 10% moisture
8-10 hours
the food = unchanged in the stomach for 480-600 mins after eating
stomach is completely empty after 900 mins
137
how long does the food stay in the stomach for? (dogs)
- Canned food with 70% moisture
food started to enter the duodenum after 270 mins
stomach appeared empty 420-480 after eating
138
how long does the food stay in the stomach for? (dogs)
- Fresh food --> fish with 75% moisture
the food in the duodenum 30 min after eating
empty by 240-360 min
139
describe the form of the rumen (of a ruminant) and how it is adapted for function?
the inner surface is like a shag carpet. These are the papillae that are needed for absorption of bacteria fermentation byproducts (food)
140
describe the form of the abomasum (of a ruminant) and how it is adapted for function?
it is glandular - equivalent to monogastric (simple) stomach; j haped
acid digestion, not a holding chamber
141
describe the form of the omasum (of a ruminant) and how it is adapted for function?
it is a heavy, hard organ that contains many 'leaves' much like a book
water absorption is used to help grind up food particles
142
regions of the equine stomach?
upper, lower, non-glandular stomach and glandular stomach
143
what is the crop of a bird?
it is out pocketing of oesophagus
temporary storage pouch
feed and water stored
allows bird to consume food fast and hide from predators
144
proventriculus?
it is the true stomah of a bird
it is glandular and it secretes HCI and enzymes
145
what is the ventriculus/gizzrd?
it is the mechanical stomach of the bird
it grinds food/acts as bird's teeth
grinds, mixed and mashes
146
up to slide 24
147
