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STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) > Digestive System GIT - Canine > Flashcards

Digestive System GIT - Canine Flashcards

1
Q

In the digestive system, what are the organs grouped as?

A

grouped as alimentary canal and accessory organs

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2
Q

what is the alimentary canal?

A

it is a tube from lips to anus

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3
Q

what is the digestive system composed of?

A

mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine

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4
Q

what is the general structure of tubular organs?

A

have 4 layers

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5
Q

what are the four layers of the tubular organs of the digestive system?

A

tunica mucosa
tunica submucosa
tunica muscularis
tunica serosa/adventitia

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6
Q

what is the tunica mucosa?

A

it is the layer closest to the lumen (next to the lumen) and is protected by a layer of mucus

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7
Q

how many layers is the tunica mucosa divided into?

A

3

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8
Q

what is the tunica submucosa?

A

the layer found below the the tunica mucosa, it is dense connective tissue that may have glands, blood, lymph vessels and Meissner’s plexus (ANS)

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9
Q

What is the tunica muscularis?

A

smooth or skeletal muscle. contains the nerve plexus: myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus (ANS)

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10
Q

What is the tunica serosa/adventitia?

A

loose connective tissue

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11
Q

What three layers is the tunica mucosa divided into?

A

the laminae epithelialis mucosa
lamina propria
lamina muscularis mucosae

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12
Q

What is the laminae epithelialis mucosa?

A

surface epithelium - for absorption and secretion, the type of epithelial cells depends on the function (where we are in the digestive system)
The cells are resting on a very thin basal membrane so that they are not floating around

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13
Q

what is the lamina propria?

A

layer of connective tissue (collagen, elastic and reticular fibres). Has mucosal glands, blood vessels and lymphoid structures and gut-associated lymphoid tissue

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14
Q

What is the lamina muscularis mucosae?

A

thin layers of smooth muscle

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15
Q

one layer of the three layers that make up the tunica mucosa is not always present, which layer is this?

A

the lamina muscularis mucosae

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16
Q

gut -associated lymphoid tissue?

A

lymphoid tissue that is specific to the gut

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17
Q

Describe the oesophagus:

A

it is relatively wide and dilatable

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18
Q

why can you sometimes not find the oesophagus in practicals?

A

because it has collapsed as there is no food in there

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19
Q

where is there constriction along the oesophagus?

A

at the origin

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20
Q

in all species the oesophagus is split into three parts, how many parts are there?

A

3

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21
Q

What are the parts of the oesophagus called?

A

cervical, thoracic and then abdominal

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22
Q

cervical part of the oesophagus?

A

follows the trachea down the neck and sits dorsally to the trachea (sits on top)

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23
Q

in which direction does the oesophagus incline before regaining a median position again?

A

left at first

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24
Q

what does the diaphragm separate?

A

The abdominal cavity and the thoracic cavity

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25
Q

after regaining a median, where does the oesophagus go?

A

has a continuous direction beyond trachea bifurcation (past the heart) and penetrates the diaphragm

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26
Q

where does the oesophagus join the stomach?

A

it joins the stomach ventral to the 11/12th thoracic verterbrae

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27
Q

what structure does the stomach have?

A

it is a C-shaped organ which has a tubular structure

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28
Q

what two sphincters are found in the stomach?

A

the cardiac sphincter and the pyloric sphincter

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29
Q

point of the muscles in the stomach?

A

protecting the stomach and the oesophagus e.g. no stomach acid gets sent in the wrong direction

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30
Q

where is the stomach found?

A

between the oesophagus and the small intestine

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31
Q

what side of the abdomen is the stomach found on?

A

left side

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32
Q

point of the sphincter muscles?

A

controls emptying the stomach

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33
Q

what are the several segments that the stomach is divided into? (from oral to aboral)

A

cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

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34
Q

what is the pylorus divided into?

A

the canal and the antrum

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35
Q

describe what the antrum and the canal are:

A

antrum is an entrance and the canal is what links the small intestine to the antrum (the canal gets smaller than the antrum)

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36
Q

what is the cardia segment of the stomach?

A

opening of the oesophagus

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37
Q

what is the fundus?

A

it is the blind expanded portion of the stomach

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38
Q

what is the middle segment of the stomach?

A

the body

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39
Q

what is distal to the body of the stomach?

A

the pylorus

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40
Q

what is the simple stomach primarily composed of?

A

glands

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41
Q

what part of the stomach do the glands mainly occupy and what type are these glands?

A

they are gastric glands and they occupy most of lamina propria

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42
Q

what do glands produce?

A

gastric juices

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43
Q

the fold in the stomach are called?

A

the rugae - created byntunica mucosa

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44
Q

what causes the ‘butterflies’ we get in our stomach?

A

the nerve plexus in the tunica submucosa
The nerve plexus is Meissner’s plexus

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45
Q

where are the folds present in the stomach?

A

in the mucosa of the stomach - in the tunica mucosa layer

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46
Q

What does the tunica muscularis consist of?

A

consists of three layers of smooth muscle between layers of the myenteric or Auerbacch’s plexus

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47
Q

What does the tunica submucosa contain?

A

Meissner’s plexuses

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48
Q

Name all of the gastric glands:

A

cardiac gland
fundic gland
pyloric gland

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49
Q

Where is the cardiac gland found in the stomach?

A

found in the cardiac region which occupies a very small area - this area contains mucous secreting glands and is closest to the oesophagus

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50
Q

Where is the fundic gland found in the stomach?

A

in the fundus region, which includes the space between the cardiac gland and pyloric gland regions

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51
Q

what are the fundic glands also known as?

A

the proper gastric glands

52
Q

where are the pyloric glands found?

A

found in the pyloric gland region which is near the pylorus - it secretes mucus and the hormone gastrin

53
Q

what is the collective name of the simple stomach glands?

A

collectively called gastric glands

54
Q

describe the epithelium of the oesophagus:

A

stratified squamous epithelium

55
Q

which cells line the lumen of the stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelium

56
Q

what are found in the stomach wall?

A

many types of cells which are found in pits of the stomach wall

57
Q

what are mucous cells?

A

mucous producing cells

58
Q

what do parietal cells produce?

A

hydrochloric acid

59
Q

what do chief cells produce?

A

protein secreting

60
Q

what are the different gland cell types found in the simple stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelial cells
many types of cells found in pits in stomach wall
mucous cells
parietal cells
chief cells
endocrine cells

61
Q

superficially, what does the gastric mucosa contain and what do these form?

A

contains gastric pits and these form superficial invaginations and are lined by mucus-secreting cells

62
Q

where are simple columnar cells found in the stomach?

A

in areas with extremely high secretory or absorptive activity

63
Q

which side of the stomach is the parietal surface?

A

the side of the stomach in contact with the liver

64
Q

describe the membrane of the peritoneum:

A

thin serous membrane
layers of simple squamous epithelial cells supported by the pink connective tissue that is underlying structures in abdominal (and thoracic cavity but instead called *something else)

64
Q

which side of the stomach is the visceral surface?

A

the side of the stomach in contact with the remaining abdominal viscera (remaining organs)

65
Q

peritoneum?

A

connective tissue that lines abdominal and pelvic cavities and some of the organs around

66
Q

what does the peritoneum consist of?

A

consists of parietal and visceral peritoneum (they are continuous with each other with connecting peritoneum)

67
Q

what is connecting peritoneum?

A

double layered serosa connecting two peritoneum - mesentery - ligament - omenta - fold

68
Q

what are peritoneal pouches?

A

excavations of peritoneum into the pelvic cavity

69
Q

one point of serous membrane?

A

allow organs to move freely

70
Q

omental bursar?

A

space between superficial layer of omentum and deep layer of omentum
two layers are freely moving because of the serous fluid

71
Q

what is omentum?

A

it is connecting peritoneum

72
Q

two types of omentum?

A

lesser and greater omentum

73
Q

lesser omentum?

A

attached to lesser curvature of stomach to the liver

74
Q

meaning of omentum in latin? hence the appearance?

A

apron - looks like an apron to the stomach

75
Q

greater omentum?

A

attached to greater curvature of stomach, left part of the colon and left part of the pancreas

76
Q

what two parts is the greater omentum divided into?

A

deep and superficial leaves (gap between these known as the omental bursa)

77
Q

omental bursa?

A

potential space; area enclosed by greater omentum leaves

78
Q

epiploic foramen?

A

natural opening into the omental bursa
omental bursa opening to peritoneal cavity

79
Q

problem with epiploic foramen?

A

sometimes intestines move and get stuck in the epiploic foramen and the blood supply gets cut

80
Q

blood vessels in the omentum - identifiable in practical:

A

dorsally caudal vena cava
ventrally portal vein
cranially caudate lobe of the liver
caudally hepatic a. (artery)

81
Q

how many parts does the small intestine consist of?

A

3

82
Q

name the parts of the small intestine:

A

the duodenum
jejunum
ileum

83
Q

what occurs at the duodenum?

A

where the pancreas and bile ducts empty into the intestines

84
Q

what is the beginning of the large intestine?

A

the cecum - the ileum joins onto here

85
Q

messentry?

A

connecting peritoneum
it attaches to the abdominal wall opposite the second lumbar vertebrae by a short peritoneal attachment

86
Q

what is that short peritoneal attachment?

A

root of the messentry

87
Q

when suspended over the jejunum, what is the messentry called? etc.

A

mesojejunum etc. mesoduodenum, mesocolon

88
Q

what is it called when the mesentery is suspended over the ileum and the cecum? (where they join)

A

ileocecal fold

89
Q

describe the folding of the mucosa?

A

highly folded

90
Q

what are the plicae circulares (circular folds)?

A

they are the transverse folds in the tunica mucosa and tunica submucosa

91
Q

villi?

A

papillary projections

92
Q

what are the villi lined with?

A

lined by columnar epithelial cells and some enterocytes

93
Q

microvilli –>

A

form an apical brush border on the enterocytes
magnifies the surface 600x
forms a striated/brush border

94
Q

crypts?

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn
between the villi, there are crypts which contain goblet cells and neuroendocrine cells

95
Q

describe the structure of the duodenum:

A

longest villi of all three regions
tall columnar epithelial cells
highest number of goblet cells
crypt
tunica muscularis layer

96
Q

length of villi in carnivores

A

tend to be longer

97
Q

describe the structure of the ileum:

A

crypts
ileal mucosa contains large numbers of organised lymphoid tissue

98
Q

describe the structure of the crypts in the ileum:

A

the epithelia of the villi extend down into the lamina propria where they form crypts

99
Q

what are the important cells in the crypts in the ileum?

A

those involved in host defense and signalling (and stem cells)

100
Q

what are peyer’s patches?

A

lymphoid follicles

101
Q

three parts of the large intestine?

A

caecum
colon
rectum

102
Q

caecum location?

A

lies on the right side of the median plane in the abdominal cavity

103
Q

colon sections?

A

ascending, transverse and descending sections

104
Q

what surrounds the crypts in the large intestine?

A

many goblet cells

105
Q

on the left side - where does the stomach extend to and from?

A

extends to the 9th through to the 12th ribs

106
Q

describe the positioning of the ascending duodenum on the left side:

A

travels cranially on the left side of the root of the mesentery

107
Q

location of the jejunum on left side?

A

reaches from stomach to the pelvic inlet and greater omentum rests upon

108
Q

at what veterbrae does the descending colon begin at?

A

begins at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebrae

109
Q

explain the descending duodenum from the right side? (always on right side)

A

passess caudally on right side of abdomen, it’s a landmark
begins around 9th intercostal space and extends to 6th lumbar vertebrae

110
Q

describe location of caecum?

A

right side
ventral to the right kidney and dorsal to the intestine
between 2nd and 4th lumbar vertebrae

111
Q

where does the blood supply to the stomach come from?

A

comes from all three main branches of coeliac artery

112
Q

what are the three main branches of the coeliac artery?

A

left gastric a.
hepatic a.
splenic a.

113
Q

two types of hepatic atery?

A

right gastric hepatic a.
right gastric gastroepiploic a.

114
Q

type of splenic artery?

A

left gastric gastroepiploic artery

115
Q

veins in the stomach?

A

veins correspond to the arteries and drain to the portal vein
usually travel parallel to the arteries

116
Q

blood supply to intestine?

A

cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries
(root of the mesentery contains the cranial mesenteric artery, hence it’s thick)

117
Q

what is the coeliac artery a branch of?

A

the aorta

118
Q

what nervous systems innervate the stomach and intestines?

A

the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous system

119
Q

what is the enteric nervous system?

A

part of the autonomic nervous system

120
Q

autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary, regulates motility.

121
Q

how are the nerves arranged in the stomach/intestines? name the two plexuses:

A

mesh-like system of nerves
submucosal (MEISNER) plexus and Myenteric (AUERBACH) plexus

122
Q

where is the submucosal plexus found?

A

(part of autonomic nervous system)
in submucosa

123
Q

where is the myenteric plexus found?

A

(part of autonomic nervous system)
tunica muscularis

124
Q

where would you make incisions in the stomach?

A

midline, the curvatures are well supplied with blood (well-vascularised)

125
Q

What is the special name for the intestinal absorptive cells which are simple columnar epithelial cells?

A

enterocytes

126
Q

The secretions of the Brunner’s gland

A

STRUC+FUNC 2 (vet) (29 decks)

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