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GCSEs > 🍏Physics Paper 2 > Flashcards

🍏Physics Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phys: what are the 3 ways of accelerating

A
  • Speeding up
  • Slowing down
  • Changing direction (because velocity is a vector quantity)
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2
Q

Phys: what is the equation for acceleration

A
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3
Q

Phys: how do you find distance on a velocity time graph

A

Area under the line

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4
Q

Phys: what is a longitudinal wave

A

It is a wave where vibrations of the particles is parallel to the direction of the wave

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5
Q

Phys: what is a transverse wave

A

Vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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6
Q

Phys: how do you calculate wave period

A

Wave period = 1/ frequency

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7
Q

Phys: how do you calculate frequency

A

Frequency=number of oscillations/time

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8
Q

Phys: how do you calculate wavespeed

A

Wavespeed = frequency x wavelength

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9
Q

Phys: what is a rarefraction

A

This is a reduction in density

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10
Q

Phys: what are p-waves

A

They are longitudinal pressure waves

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11
Q

Phys: what happens to the particles after a longditudional wave passes through them

A

They stay in the same position as before the wave came

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12
Q

Phys: what is wave period

A

It is the time for one wave to pass

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13
Q

Phys: what are electromagnetic waves

A

They are transverse waves that travel at the same speed in the same medium, roughly 300,000,000 m/s in vaccum

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14
Q

Phys: what are the 7 main types of electromagnetic wave is order of frequency from high to low

A

Gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radiowave

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15
Q

Phys: what are the uses of gamma waves

A

Medical therapy, astronomy, steralisation

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16
Q

Phys: what are the uses of x-rays

A

To treat camcer and to diagnose injury

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17
Q

Phys: what are the uses of ultraviolet rays

A

Sun tanning, disinfecting, photography for medicine and phorensics

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18
Q

Phys: what are the uses of visible light rays

A

Screens, vision

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19
Q

Phys: what are the uses of infrared rays

A

Tv remotes, security

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20
Q

Phys: what are the uses of microwaves

A

Signal transmission
Heating up food 😋🥐

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21
Q

Phys: what are the uses of radiowaves

A

Radio and communication

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22
Q

Phys: what is the range of human hearing

A

20-20000Hz

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23
Q

Phys: what is infrasound

A

Sound below 20Hz

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24
Q

Phys: what is ultrasound

A

Sound above 20000Hz

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25
Q

Phys: what is a photon and how fast do they move

A

They are packets of energy and travel at 300,000,000 m/s in a vacuum

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26
Q

Phys: what is a wave

A

They vibrate and oscilate and transfer energy without transferring mass

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27
Q

Phys: what is the rest position for a wave also known as

A

Equilibrium

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28
Q

Phys: what is the speed of sound in air and what affects this speed

A

330 to 340 m/s, the warmer the air the sound travels faster.

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29
Q

Phys: what happens to the speed of sound when the medium gets more rigid

A

The speed gets faster

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30
Q

Phys: how does adding particles to a gas container increase the pressure

A

Increased frequency of collisions between particles and walls so greater force per unit area

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31
Q

Phys: why does a container of gas get warmer when you condense it quickly

A

Because you do work on the gas creasing the ke and so heat

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32
Q

phys: what is the equation for force

A

F = MA

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33
Q

phys: what is the equation for frequency

A

Frequency = number of oscillations / time

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34
Q

phys: what is the equation for wave period

A

1 / frequency

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35
Q

phys: what is the equation for wave speed

A
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36
Q

phys: what is the rest point of a wave called

A

equilibrium

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37
Q

phys: describe the magnetic field around a flowing charge

A

It forms a magnetic field in concentric circles around the charge

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38
Q

phys: what happens to the magnetic field if you increase current

A

It increases

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39
Q

phys: what is a solenoid

A

It is a coil of wire

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40
Q

phys: describe the magnetic field of a solenoid with flowing charge

A
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41
Q

phys: what is the equation for pressure

A

Pressure = force / area

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42
Q

Phys: what is the: crest, trough, equilibrium/rest position, amplitude and wavelength of a wave

A
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43
Q

Phys: is momentum vector or scalar

A

Vector

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44
Q

Phys: what is the equation for momentum with mass

A
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45
Q

Phys: how do you find distance traveled on a velocity time graph

A

Find the area under the line

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46
Q

Phys: what is happening at each point on the velocity time graph

A
  • A - accelerating
  • B- constant velocity
  • C - accelerating
  • D - constant velocity
  • E - decelerating
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47
Q

Phys: what is an elastic object

A

It is an object that returns to its original shape and size when a compression/tension force is released. This is called elastic deformation.

48
Q

Phys: what is a plastic object

A

It is an object that will not return to its original size and shape when a compression/tension force is released. This is called plastic deformation.

49
Q

Phys: what is a tension force

A

A force that pulls apart

50
Q

Phys: what are the 8 types of contact force

A
  • friction
  • drag
  • air resistance
  • water resistance
  • tension/elastic
  • normal contact
  • thrust
  • lift
51
Q

Phys: what are the 3 non-contact forces

A
  • gravitational
  • magnetic
  • electrostatic
52
Q

Phys: what is an interaction pair of forces

A

It is a pair of forces that are equal and opposite

53
Q

Phys: what is the centre of mass of an object

A

It is the place in an object where the weight appears to act from

54
Q

Phys: what is the law of conservation of momentum

A

Momentum before and event = momentum after an event

55
Q

Phys: what is inertia

A

The tendency to continue doing what your already doing

56
Q

Phys: what are the properties of permanent magentisim

A
  • they are always magnetic
  • their magnetic field has a norths nod a South Pole
  • when they are near a magnetic material they cause it to become a magnet
57
Q

Phys: what are the 3 magnetic elements (+plus the other material you must know)

A

Nickel, iron, cobalt and you must know steel for the exams

58
Q

Phys: what causes Magnetisim

A

Electron spins

59
Q

Phys what does the electron spin look like in magnetic materials vs non magnetic ones

A

In magnetic materials the electron spins are in the same orientation, they are not in non magnetic materials

60
Q

Phys: what is a magnetic domain

A

It is a region in a magnetic field where the magnetic fields are in a uniform direction

61
Q

Phys: what are the properties of induced magnets

A
  • they have a north and South Pole (temporarily) and a magnetic field
  • they can only be attracted by magnets and not repeled
  • they are only magnets in another magnetic field
62
Q

Phys: descipribe the magnetic field inside a solenoid with flowing charge

A

It is strong and uniform

63
Q

Phys: what is an inelastic collision

A

A collision where the objects have no elasticity and so collide and stay together

64
Q

Phys: What is the equation for change in momentum

65
Q

Phys: Why does a crash mat work to slow soften an impact

A

• Increasing time taken to stop, decreases the rate of change of momentum
• This reduced the force one the person
• Leading to less damage

66
Q

Phys: what is the electromagnetic spectrum

A
  • it is a collection of waves each of which exists over a variety of wavelengths
67
Q

Phys: what do waves transfer

A

Energy and information

68
Q

Phys: what is it called when a wave passes through a clear surface

A

It is transmitted through the surface

69
Q

Phys: what type of wave has the longest wavelength

A

Radiowaves

70
Q

Phys: what are the properties of waves with short wavelengths

A
  • shorter distance
  • more information
  • less spreading out
71
Q

Phys: how do antennae work

A

When an electromagnetic wave hits an ariel it induces an alternating current in the antennae with the same frequency as the wave, this allows for information to be transferred.

72
Q

Phys: why are microwaves and not Radiowaves used for satellite communication

A

Because Radiowaves cannot penetrate the atmosphere and so microwaves have to be used.

73
Q

Phys: how do microwaves heat food

A

They vibrate the water molecules in the food and so cause it to heat

74
Q

Phys: why do microwaves not affect you

A

Because of the mesh that has a smaller diameter than the amplitude of the wave

75
Q

Phys: what are the risks of uv radiation

A

Skin cancer and eyedamage(sunglasses)

76
Q

Phys: what part of the human body can be ionised

A

Not the cells, the atoms in the cells

77
Q

Phys: how are atoms ionised

A
  • electron hit by ionising radiation
  • gains enough energy to escape the atom
  • this creates an ion
78
Q

Phys: what does the plum pudding model of the atom look like

79
Q

Phys: what does the nuclear model of the atom look like

80
Q

Phys what does the Bohr model of the atom look like

A

Energy levels

81
Q

Phys: what does the model of the atom that Chadwick developed look like

82
Q

Phys: how are radio-waves produced

A

Radiowaves are produced by oscillating current in an arial or circuit with the same freq as the current

83
Q

Phys: if light enters a denser or less dense medium and it doesn’t refract what angle has it entered or exited the medium

A

It has entered or exited at the same angle as the normal

84
Q

Phys: toward what does light bend when it enters a denser medium

A

Toward the normal

85
Q

Phys: toward what does light bend when it enters a less denser medium

A

Away from the normal

86
Q

Phys: what is the incident ray

A

The incoming ray

87
Q

Phys: what is the ray after the incident ray that in inside the new medium

A

Refracted ray

88
Q

Phys: what is the ray exiting the material

A

Emergent/transmitted ray

89
Q

Phys: How do you calculate change in momentum

A

Change in momentum = force x change in time, check

90
Q

Phys: how do you calculate force with momentum

A

Force = (change in momentum)/time

91
Q

Phys: what happens to all emitted waves when temperature is increased

A

The greater the intensity of all emitted waves and the peak emitted wavelength us shorter add photo

92
Q

Phys: Phys: what happens to all emitted waves when temperature is decreased

A

The weaker the intensity of all emitted waves and the peak emitted wavelength us longer

93
Q

Phys: why is the moon classed as a satellite

A

Because it orbits a planet

94
Q

Phys: what magnetic field lines are closer together what is it called

A

Denser lines of flux

95
Q

Phys: how does gravity affect the motion of a satellite

A
  • creates a resultant force that causes acceleration
  • it changes direction of resultant force which accelerates the satellite, which changes velocity as it is a vector
  • change in velocity is acceleration
96
Q

Phys: what is a moment

A

It is the turning effect of a force

97
Q

Phys what is the equation for a moment

A

Moment = force x distance (from pivot)

98
Q

Phys: what do compression and tension forces do

A

They stretch or compress and do work

99
Q

Phys: what is doing work

A

Transferring energy

100
Q

Phys: what does a tension force do

A

It stretches an object

101
Q

Phys: what does a compression force do

A

It compresses an object

102
Q

Phys: When the line on this graph is not straight when it is a measure of an elastic object, what has happened

A

It means that the spring has reached and passed its elastic limit and causes permanent plastic deformation

103
Q

Phys: what is hooke’s law

A

It is a law that states that for an elastic object force is directly proportional the extension

104
Q

Phys: how do you find the spring constant for a spring with a force extension graph

A

Spring constant = 1 / gradient

105
Q

Phys: what is a resultant moment

A

It is a moment when the clockwise and anticlockwise aspects are not in balance

106
Q

Phys: what do we use leavers and gears to do

A

We use them to transmit the rotational effect of forces from one place to another (to make the force input less)

107
Q

Phys: what are 2 properties of gears

A
  • they have interlocking teeth, so that I one gear is turned then the other is also
  • they transmit rotational effect, from one place to annother
108
Q

Phys: what are different sized gears used for

A

They are used to change the moment of a force, if we send a force to a larger gear there will be a bigger moment

109
Q

Phys: what is pressure measured in

110
Q

Phys: what is the force similar to buoyancy caused by water

111
Q

Phys: if an object is resting on the ground what force must counteract weight

A

Normal contact of ground + others such as upthrust possibly

112
Q

Phys: in equations unit is used for area

A

Meters squared

113
Q

Phys: what value is used for pressure

A

Pa convert if you have kPa

114
Q

Phys: what height is used in the atmospheric pressure equation, pressure = h x g x dencity

A

The height of the column above the point messured

115
Q

Phys: How to find the average dencity of a colunm of fluid with changing dencity

A

Average dencity = pressure difference / (height x gravity)

116
Q

Phys: when a liquid is heated it is the atmospheric pressure that stops the liquid from boiling, why would this mean that it is harder to cook somethign in water at sea level as opposed to the top of Everest

A

Because the boiling point is lower more water must be sued to transfer same Amy of energy

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