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Chemistry Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

chem: what is a monomer

A

a molecule that can bond to other monomers to make polymers

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2
Q

chem: what type of atom are monomers often

A

they are often alkenes (methane)

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3
Q

chem: how strong are the intermolecular forces of attraction in polymers

A

strong

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4
Q

Chem: why do polymers have higher melting and boiling points that smaller molecules

A

Because they have stronger intermolecular forces

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5
Q

Chem: why do polymers have higher melting and boiling points that smaller molecules

A

Because they have stronger intermolecular forces

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6
Q

chem: in polymers are covalent bonds weak or strong

A

they are extremily strong

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7
Q

Chem: what are the 2 principles of Le Chateliers Principle

A
  • If the conditions change then the posision of equalibrium changes
  • If the conditions change then the system responds to counteract the change.
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8
Q

Chem: what does equilibrium mean

A

The forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate in a closed system

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9
Q

Chem: what does equilibrium mean

A

The forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate in a closed system

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10
Q

Chem: for equilibrium, does the amount of products and reactants have to be equal

A

No the only must remain the same, individually

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11
Q

Chem: what is dynamic equilibrium

A

It is equilibrium where both froward and backward reactions are still happening, the rates of forward and reverse reactions are the same, concentrations of chemicals do not change and it only happens in a closed system

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12
Q

Chem: what is collision theory

A

A theory that for a reaction to occurr particles must collide with enough energy

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13
Q

Chem: what explains why reactions happen at different rates

A

Collision theory

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14
Q

Chem: what are alkanes

A

They all end in ‘ane’
They are hydrocarbons
There formula is CnH2n+2

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15
Q

Chem: what are hydrocarbons

A

They are molecules made up of hydrocarbons

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16
Q

Chem: what is crude oil found in

A

Rocks

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17
Q

Chem: what are the properties of hydrocarbons

A

Check amd edit

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18
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you increase pressure

A

Shift in the direction of the reaction the produces the fewest gas molecules

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19
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you decrease pressure

A

Shifts toward the reaction the produces the most gas

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20
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you increase concentration of the reactant

A

Shifts the equilibrium position toward the products

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21
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you decrease concentration of the reactants

A

Shifts towards the reactants

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22
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you increase temp

A

Shifts to endothermic

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23
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you decrease temp

A

Shifts to the Exothermic

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24
Q

Chem: what is crude oil made of

A

It is a mixture of lots of compounds, many hydrocarbons

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25
Q

Chem: what is fractional distillation in relation to crude oils

A

It is the process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms, these groups of hydrocarbons are called fractions

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26
Q

Chem: what are hydrocarbons with lots of carbon atoms calles

A

Long chain hydrocarbons

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27
Q

Chem: what are hydrocarbons with little amounts of carbon atoms called

A

Short chain hydrocarbons

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28
Q

Chem: what do all organic compounds contain

A

Carbon

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29
Q

Chem: what is the equation for burning hydrocarbons when there is plenty of oxygen

A
  • energy is released
  • carbon dioxide and water is produced
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30
Q

Chem: what happens when there is not enough oxygen when burning hydrocarbons

A

Carbon monoxide is produced

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31
Q

Chem: what are the properties of heavy fractions of crude oil

A
  • don’t ignite easily
  • high boiling points
  • low volatility
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32
Q

Chem: what is cracking

A

It is the process of breaking down long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbons and alkenes that are more useful, it is thermal decomposition

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33
Q

Chem: what is catalytic cracking

A

Vaporised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated catalyst, this produces alkanes and alkenes, e.g. hexane -> butane + ethane, it is preferred in industry as it produces more useful petrol at lower tamps and pressures.

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34
Q

Chem: what is steam cracking

A

Vaporised heavy hydrocarbons are combined with steam at high temperatures, it produces alkanes and alkanes.

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35
Q

Chem: what are some uses of hydrocarbons

A
  • being starting materials for chemicals like ethanol
  • being combined to make polymers
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36
Q

Chem: how does fractional distillation of crude oil happen

A
  • crude oil is vaporised and enters a fractioning column
  • vapours condense at different points and are collected as fractions at these points
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37
Q

Chem: what is diesel oil used in

A

Cars and trains

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38
Q

Chem: what is kerosine used for

A

Jet fuel

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39
Q

Chem: what is heavy fuel oil used for

A

Fuel on ships and in power stations

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40
Q

Chem: what are liquified petroleum gasses used for

A

Fuels

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41
Q

Chem: what is a homologous series

A

It is a series of compounds that can be represented by a formula

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42
Q

Chem: why do alkanes have higher melting and boiling points the larger they are

A

They have more covalent bonds so there are more intermolecular forces to overcome to changed the state and so more energy is required

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43
Q

Chem: What property of bonds do alkenes have

A

They are unsaturated as they have a double carbon bond

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44
Q

Chem: what is a fractioning column

A

It a piece of equipment used in the fractional distillation of crude oils

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45
Q

Chem: what is the general formula of alkenes

A
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46
Q

Chem: are alkenes reactive

A

Their double carbon bond means they are more reactive that the alkanes

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47
Q

Chem: what are the 4 smallest alkenes, in order for smallest to largest

A

Ethene (2 carbon), propene, butene, pentene(5 carbon)

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48
Q

Chem: how many carbon atoms does pentene have

A

5

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49
Q

Chem: what is a functional group

A

A collection of atoms in an organic molecule that affects its reaction e.g. the functional group I alkenes is the carbon carbon double bond

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50
Q

Chem: what is a typical reaction for an alkene

A

Addition

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51
Q

Chem: what happens when alkenes react with oxygen

A

They combust and it is incomplete combustion so burn with a smoky flame

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52
Q

Chem: what happens when alkenes react with water when a nickel catalyst is present

A

When a nickel catalyst is present

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53
Q

Chem: what happens when an alkene reacts with water with a phosphoric acid catalyst present

A

When a Phosphoric acid catalyst is present

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54
Q

Chem: how do you test for alkanes and alkenes

A

You add the thing you want to test to a bromine water solution and shake, nothing will happen when an alkane is present but the solution will change from orange brown to colourless when an alkene is present

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55
Q

Chem: what is the function group of alcohols

A

-OH

56
Q

Chem: what is the general formula for alchohol

A
57
Q

Chem: what are the 4 smallest alcohols from smallest to largest

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

58
Q

Chem: what happens when water reacts with alchohol

A

They dissolve to give neutral solutions

59
Q

Chem: what happens when alchohol react with sodium

A

Hydrogen is produced

60
Q

Chem: what happens when alchohol react with air

A

The combust completely

61
Q

chem: what does fermnetation produce

A

ethanol

62
Q

chem: what is the process of fermnetation

A
  • add yeast to a sugar solution
  • reaction occurs
  • the reaction gives a cloudy solution of ethanol and carbon dioxide
63
Q

chem: waht are the ideal conditions for fermentation

A
  • 37 degrees
  • slightly acidic
  • absence of oxygen
64
Q

chem: what is the general formula for carboxylic acids

A
65
Q

chem: what is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

66
Q

chem: what type of acid is a carboxylic acid

A

it is a weak acid as it only partially ionises in water

67
Q

chem: what are the 4 smallest carboxylic acids

A

methanoic acid, ethanoic adic, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

68
Q

chem: what happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carboate

A

products:
- water
- salt
- CO2

69
Q

chem: what happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with water

A

they dissolve to give a solution wath an acidic PH

70
Q

chem: what happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with alchohols and an acid catalyst

A

products:
- an ester
- water

71
Q

chem: what is Addition polymerisation

A

it is the joining of 2 short chain monomers to form a long chain polymer

72
Q

chem: what are the monomers used in Addition polymerisation and why

A

alkenes because the double carbon bondscan open and allow multiple alkenes to join together

73
Q

chem: how do you name addition polymers

A

you start with poly and then put in the name of the monomer

74
Q

chem: what is condensation polymerisation

A

it is the process of joining together 2 monomers with functional groups producing a polymer and small molecule biproducts

75
Q

chem: what is the simplist type of condensation polymerisation

A

combining 2 monomers with the same functional group

76
Q

chem: what are amino acids

A

they are organic ocmpunds with 2 different functional groups

77
Q

chem: how can amino acids be combined

A

through condensation polymerisation

78
Q

chem: when amino acids are combined using condenstation polymerisation what are the products

A
  • a polypeptyide
  • water
79
Q

chem: what happens whe one or more polypeptide becomes associated

A

a macromolecule alos known as a protien is formed

80
Q

chem: what is a covalent bond that forms between the amine and carboxyl groups called

A

a peptide links

81
Q

chem: what are 3 roles of protiens in the body

A
  • enzymes
  • haemoglobin
  • antibiodies
82
Q

chem: what are the monomers found in DNA called

A

nucleotides

83
Q

chem: what are the 4 nucleotides called

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
84
Q

chem: what is the shape of DNA

A

it is 2 polymer chains arranged in the form of a double helix

85
Q

chem: what are 2 naturally occuring polymers steming from sugars

A

cellulose, starch

86
Q

chem: what are 3 properties that make good fuel

A
  • high melting and boiling points
  • high volatility
  • high flamability
87
Q

chem: how do you find if a substance is pure

A

if it has the exact, correct adn specific melting and boiling point

88
Q

chem: what will more impurities in a substance cause

A

the range of temperatures at which the substance will melt and boil

89
Q

chem: what is a fromulation

A

they are mixtures of chemicals that are designed for a specific function, paint is one example

90
Q

chem: what are the 2 phases of chromatography

A
  • mobile phase, this phase is where the liquid or gas moves and substances are picked up and carried
  • stationary phase, this is where the substance does not move
91
Q

chem: in chromatography, if a substance moves far which fase is it attracted to

A

the mobilephase

92
Q

chem: in chromatography, if a substance dosent move far which fase is it attracted to

A

the stationary phase

93
Q

chem: what is the test for hydrogen

A

place a lighted splint near the mouth of a test tube containing the unknown gas, if you hear a squeaky pop then hydrogen is present

94
Q

chem: why is the noise heard when testing for hydrogen

A

because the hydrogen is burning rapidly in the presence of oxygen

95
Q

chem: how do you test for oxygen

A
  • light a splint
  • wait for it to go out but still be glowing
  • movet he splint into the container of gas
  • if the splint relights then oxygen is present
96
Q

chem: how do you test for carbon dioxide

A
  • setup a test tube of lime water with a tube that gas can be thread through in it, below the liquid line
  • feed the gas through the tube, if the lime water turns cloudy then CO2 is present
97
Q

chem: how do you test for chlorine

A
  • insert damp litmus paper into a container of gas
  • if the litmus paper bleaches and turns from red to white then chlorine is present
98
Q

chem: what is the flame test

A

some metal ions can be distinguished based on the colour fo their flame, burning the metal can help to determine what it is

99
Q

chem: with what colour does a posotive lithium ion burn

A

crimson

100
Q

chem: with what colour does a posotive sodium ion burn

A

yellow

101
Q

chem: with what colour does a posotive potassium ion burn

A

lilac

102
Q

chem: with what colour does a posotive calcium ion burn

A

orange-red

103
Q

chem: with what colour does a posotive copper ion burn

A

green

104
Q

chem: what happens to some aqueous metal ions when they are reacted with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution

A

they form insoluable solids called precipitates that (for gcse) are metal hydroxides

105
Q

chem: what 3 metals can be removed from aqueous solutions by reacting them with sodium hydroxide

A
  • calcium
  • magnesium
  • aluminium
106
Q

chem: what colur are calcium, magnesium and aluminium hydroxide precipitates

A

white

107
Q

chem: what colour precipitate is formed when aqueous Copper(II) is reacted with NaOH

A

blue

108
Q

chem: what colour precipitate is formed when aqueous Iron(III) is reacted with sodium hydroxide

A

brown

109
Q

chem: what colour precipitate is formed when aqueous Iron(II) is reacted with NaOH

A

green

110
Q

chem: how do you test for carbonates

A

react carbonates with dilute acids to form carbon dioxide + salt + water, as the carbon dioxide is produced it can be bubbled into limewater to check if it is indeed carbon dioxide

111
Q

chem: how do you test for halides

A
  • add dilute nitric acid to the solution
  • add silver nitrate ions
  • the halide will form a precipiatate with the silver ions if it is a halide
112
Q

chem: what is a halide

A

it is a compoud containing a halogen ion

113
Q

chem: what colour is silver chloride

A

white

114
Q

chem: what colour is silver bromide

A

cream

115
Q

chem: what colour is silver iodide

A

pale yellow

116
Q

chem: what are sulfates

A
117
Q

chem: hoiw do you test for sulfates

A
  • add dilute hydrochloric acid to a solution to remove carbate ions
  • add barium chloride, if sulfates are present then a white precipitate will be formed
118
Q

Chem: what is hydrogenisation

A

It is the process of combining hydrogen and alkenes to form alkanes

119
Q

Chem: how are alcohols produces with alkenes

A

Alkene + water (steam) -> alcohol

120
Q

Chem: how are halogenalkanes

A

Halogen + alkene -> halogenalkanes

121
Q

Chem: what happens when alkenes react oxygen

A

Alkene + oxygen -> combustion

122
Q

chem: what happens during an alkene addition reaction

A

their double carbon bonds open up allowing hte carbon atoms to bond with new atoms

123
Q

chem: what is it called when atoms hydrogen atoms are added across a double carbon bond

A

hydrogenisation

124
Q

chem: what is a hydroxyl group

A

it is the functional group of alchohols and is -OH

125
Q

chem: what is a carboxyl group

A

it is the functional group of carboxylic acids and is -COOH

126
Q

Chem: what is the name given to groups of hydrocarbons

A

Fractions

127
Q

Chem: what type of crude oil fraction makes bad feels

A

Heavy fractions

128
Q

Chem: over the evolution of the earth how did the gas proportions change

A
129
Q

Chem: what is an evaluate question

A

A question that requires you to say something is better than another thing.

130
Q

Chem: what 2 pollutants does to incomplete combustion cause

A
  • carbon monoxide
  • particulates
131
Q

Chem: how do Sulfur impurities cause an environmental effect

A

Sulphur impurities are in all fossil fuels, when burned it oxidises forming a toxic gas

132
Q

Chem: how do internal combustion engines cause the production of a toxic gas

A

Hen fossil fuels are burned at high temps in a confined space nitrogen and oxygen react to form nitrogen oxide which is toxic

133
Q

Chem: what environmental effect does increased levels of particulates cause

A

Increased global dimming

134
Q

Chem: what environmental effects do both Sulfur and nitrogen oxides have

A
  • when inhaled they cause respiratory issues
  • they can react with water to for sulphuric acid and nitric acid that cause acid rain
135
Q

Chem: how do the oceans remove carbon dioxide form the atmosphere

A
  • Carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans
  • when it is in this state it can react with water to give carbon precipitates
136
Q

Chem: how do marine animals remove remove carbon form the atmosphere

A

Marine animals remove carbonates from the oceans to build their shells and skeletons

137
Q

Chem: how many double bonds do alkenes have

A

All alkenes only have one double bond

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