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GCSEs > Chemistry Paper 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

chem: what is a monomer

A

a molecule that can bond to other monomers to make polymers

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2
Q

chem: what type of atom are monomers often

A

they are often alkenes (methane)

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3
Q

chem: how strong are the intermolecular forces of attraction in polymers

A

strong

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4
Q

Chem: why do polymers have higher melting and boiling points that smaller molecules

A

Because they have stronger intermolecular forces

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5
Q

Chem: why do polymers have higher melting and boiling points that smaller molecules

A

Because they have stronger intermolecular forces

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6
Q

chem: in polymers are covalent bonds weak or strong

A

they are extremily strong

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7
Q

Chem: what are the 2 principles of Le Chateliers Principle

A
  • If the conditions change then the posision of equalibrium changes
  • If the conditions change then the system responds to counteract the change.
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8
Q

Chem: what does equilibrium mean

A

The forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate in a closed system

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9
Q

Chem: for equilibrium, does the amount of products and reactants have to be equal

A

No the only must remain the same, individually

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10
Q

Chem: what is dynamic equilibrium

A

It is equilibrium where both froward and backward reactions are still happening, the rates of forward and reverse reactions are the same, concentrations of chemicals do not change and it only happens in a closed system

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11
Q

Chem: what is collision theory

A

A theory that for a reaction to occurr particles must collide with enough energy

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12
Q

Chem: what explains why reactions happen at different rates

A

Collision theory

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13
Q

Chem: what are alkanes

A

They all end in ‘ane’
They are hydrocarbons
There formula is CnH2n+2

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14
Q

Chem: what are hydrocarbons

A

They are molecules made up of hydrocarbons

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15
Q

Chem: what is crude oil found in

A

Rocks (The Earth’s Crust)

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16
Q

Chem: what are the properties of hydrocarbons, with increasing size

A
  • Boiling point increases with molecular size
  • Viscosity increases with molecular size
  • Flammability decreases with molecular size
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17
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you increase pressure

A

Shift in the direction of the reaction that produces the fewest gas molecules

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18
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you decrease pressure

A

Shifts toward the reaction the produces the most gas

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19
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you increase concentration of the reactant

A

Shifts the equilibrium position toward the products

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20
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you decrease concentration of the reactants

A

Shifts towards the reactants

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21
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you increase temp

A

Shifts to endothermic

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22
Q

Chem: what happens to the position of equilibrium when you decrease temp

A

Shifts to the Exothermic

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23
Q

Chem: what is crude oil made of

A

It is a mixture of lots of compounds, many hydrocarbons

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24
Q

Chem: what is fractional distillation in relation to crude oils

A

It is the process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms, these groups of hydrocarbons are called fractions

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25
Q

Chem: what are hydrocarbons with lots of carbon atoms calles

A

Long chain hydrocarbons

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26
Q

Chem: what are hydrocarbons with little amounts of carbon atoms called

A

Short chain hydrocarbons

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27
Q

Chem: what do all organic compounds contain

A

Carbon

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28
Q

Chem: what is the equation for burning hydrocarbons when there is plenty of oxygen

A
  • energy is released
  • carbon dioxide and water is produced
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29
Q

Chem: what happens when there is not enough oxygen when burning hydrocarbons

A

Carbon monoxide is produced

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30
Q

Chem: what are the properties of heavy fractions of crude oil

A
  • don’t ignite easily
  • high boiling points
  • low volatility
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31
Q

Chem: what is cracking

A

It is the process of breaking down long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbons and alkenes that are more useful, it is thermal decomposition

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32
Q

Chem: what is catalytic cracking

A

Vaporised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated catalyst, this produces alkanes and alkenes, e.g. hexane -> butane + ethane, it is preferred in industry as it produces more useful petrol at lower tamps and pressures.

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33
Q

Chem: what is steam cracking

A

Vaporised heavy hydrocarbons are combined with steam at high temperatures, it produces alkanes and alkanes.

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34
Q

Chem: what are some uses of hydrocarbons

A
  • being starting materials for chemicals like ethanol
  • being combined to make polymers
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35
Q

Chem: how does fractional distillation of crude oil happen

A
  • crude oil is vaporised and enters a fractioning column
  • vapours condense at different points and are collected as fractions at these points
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36
Q

Chem: what is diesel oil used in

A

Cars and trains

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37
Q

Chem: what is kerosine used for

A

Jet fuel

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38
Q

Chem: what is heavy fuel oil used for

A

Fuel on ships and in power stations

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39
Q

Chem: what are liquified petroleum gasses used for

A

Fuels

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40
Q

Chem: what is a homologous series

A

It is a series of compounds that can be represented by a formula

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41
Q

Chem: why do alkanes have higher melting and boiling points the larger they are

A

They have more covalent bonds so there are more intermolecular forces to overcome to changed the state and so more energy is required

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42
Q

Chem: What property of bonds do alkenes have

A

They are unsaturated as they have a double carbon bond

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43
Q

Chem: what is a fractioning column and what is it used for

A

It a piece of equipment used in the fractional distillation of crude oils

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44
Q

Chem: what is the general formula of alkenes

A
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45
Q

Chem: are alkenes reactive

A

Their double carbon bond means they are more reactive that the alkanes

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46
Q

Chem: what are the 4 smallest alkenes, in order for smallest to largest

A

Ethene (2 carbon), propene, butene, pentene (5 carbon)

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47
Q

Chem: how many carbon atoms does pentene have

A

5

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48
Q

Chem: what is a functional group

A

A collection of atoms in an organic molecule that affects its reaction e.g. the functional group I alkenes is the carbon carbon double bond

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49
Q

Chem: what is a typical reaction for an alkene

A

Addition

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50
Q

Chem: what happens when alkenes react with oxygen

A

They combust and it is incomplete combustion so burn with a smoky flame

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51
Q

Chem: what happens when alkenes react with water when a nickel catalyst is present

A

When a nickel catalyst is present

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52
Q

Chem: what happens when an alkene reacts with water with a phosphoric acid catalyst present

A

When a Phosphoric acid catalyst is present

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53
Q

Chem: how do you test for alkanes and alkenes

A

You add the thing you want to test to a bromine water solution and shake, nothing will happen when an alkane is present but the solution will change from orange brown to colourless when an alkene is present because the double bond opens

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54
Q

Chem: what is the function group of alcohols

A

-OH

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55
Q

Chem: what is the general formula for alchohol

A
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56
Q

Chem: what are the 4 smallest alcohols from smallest to largest

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

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57
Q

Chem: what happens when water reacts with alchohol

A

They dissolve to give neutral solutions

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58
Q

Chem: what happens when alchohol reacts with sodium

A

Hydrogen is produced

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59
Q

Chem: what happens when alchohol reacts with air

A

They combust completely

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60
Q

chem: what does fermnetation produce

A

ethanol

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61
Q

chem: what is the process of fermnetation

A
  • add yeast to a sugar solution
  • reaction occurs
  • the reaction gives a cloudy solution of ethanol and carbon dioxide
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62
Q

chem: what are the ideal conditions for fermentation

A
  • 37 degrees
  • slightly acidic
  • absence of oxygen
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63
Q

chem: what is the general formula for carboxylic acids

A
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64
Q

chem: what is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

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65
Q

chem: what type of acid is a carboxylic acid

A

it is a weak acid as it only partially ionises in water

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66
Q

chem: what are the 4 smallest carboxylic acids

A

methanoic acid, ethanoic adic, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

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67
Q

chem: what happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carboate

A

products:
- water
- salt
- CO2

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68
Q

chem: what happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with water

A

they dissolve to give a solution wath an acidic PH

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69
Q

chem: what happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with alchohols and an acid catalyst

A

products:
- an ester
- water

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70
Q

chem: what is Addition polymerisation

A

it is the joining of 2 short chain monomers to form a long chain polymer

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71
Q

chem: what are the monomers used in Addition polymerisation and why

A

alkenes because the double carbon bonds can open and allow multiple alkenes to join together

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72
Q

chem: how do you name addition polymers

A

you start with poly and then put in the name of the monomer

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73
Q

chem: what is condensation polymerisation

A

it is the process of joining together 2 monomers with functional groups producing a polymer and small molecule biproducts such as water usually

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74
Q

chem: what is the simplist type of condensation polymerisation

A

combining 2 monomers with the same functional group

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75
Q

chem: what are amino acids

A

they are organic ocmpunds with 2 different functional groups

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76
Q

chem: how can amino acids be combined

A

through condensation polymerisation

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77
Q

chem: when amino acids are combined using condenstation polymerisation what are the products

A
  • a polypeptyide
  • water
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78
Q

chem: what happens whe one or more polypeptide becomes associated

A

a macromolecule alos known as a protien is formed

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79
Q

chem: what is a covalent bond that forms between the amine and carboxyl groups called

A

a peptide links

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80
Q

chem: what are the monomers found in DNA called

A

nucleotides

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81
Q

chem: what are the 4 nucleotides called

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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82
Q

chem: what is the shape of DNA

A

it is 2 polymer chains arranged in the form of a double helix

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83
Q

chem: what are 2 naturally occuring polymers steming from sugars

A

cellulose, starch

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84
Q

chem: what are 3 properties that make good fuel

A
  • high melting and boiling points
  • high volatility
  • high flamability
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85
Q

chem: how do you find if a substance is pure

A

if it has the exact, correct and specific melting and boiling point

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86
Q

chem: what will more impurities in a substance cause

A

the range of temperatures at which the substance will melt and boil

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87
Q

chem: what is a formulation

A

they are mixtures of chemicals that are designed for a specific function, paint is one example

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88
Q

chem: what are the 2 phases of chromatography

A
  • mobile phase, this phase is where the liquid or gas moves and substances are picked up and carried
  • stationary phase, this is where the substance does not move
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89
Q

chem: in chromatography, if a substance moves far which fase is it attracted to

A

the mobilephase

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90
Q

chem: in chromatography, if a substance dosent move far which phase is it attracted to

A

the stationary phase

91
Q

chem: what is the test for hydrogen

A

place a lighted splint near the mouth of a test tube containing the unknown gas, if you hear a squeaky pop then hydrogen is present

92
Q

chem: why is the noise heard when testing for hydrogen

A

because the hydrogen is burning rapidly in the presence of oxygen

93
Q

chem: how do you test for oxygen

A
  • light a splint
  • wait for it to go out but still be glowing
  • movet he splint into the container of gas
  • if the splint relights then oxygen is present
94
Q

chem: how do you test for carbon dioxide

A
  • setup a test tube of lime water with a tube that gas can be thread through in it, below the liquid line
  • feed the gas through the tube, if the lime water turns cloudy then CO2 is present
95
Q

chem: how do you test for chlorine

A
  • insert damp litmus paper into a container of gas
  • if the litmus paper bleaches and turns from red to white then chlorine is present
96
Q

chem: what is the flame test

A

some metal ions can be distinguished based on the colour fo their flame, burning the metal can help to determine what it is

97
Q

chem: with what colour does a posotive lithium ion burn

98
Q

chem: with what colour does a posotive sodium ion burn

99
Q

chem: with what colour does a posotive potassium ion burn

100
Q

chem: with what colour does a posotive calcium ion burn

A

orange-red

101
Q

chem: with what colour does a posotive copper ion burn

102
Q

chem: what happens to some aqueous metal ions when they are reacted with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution

A

they form insoluable solids called precipitates that (for gcse) are metal hydroxides

103
Q

chem: what 3 metals can be removed from aqueous solutions by reacting them with sodium hydroxide

A
  • calcium
  • magnesium
  • aluminium
104
Q

chem: what colour are calcium, magnesium and aluminium hydroxide precipitates and why

A

white (they are not transition metals)

105
Q

chem: what colour precipitate is formed when aqueous Copper(II) is reacted with NaOH

106
Q

chem: what colour precipitate is formed when aqueous Iron(III) is reacted with sodium hydroxide

107
Q

chem: what colour precipitate is formed when aqueous Iron(II) is reacted with NaOH

108
Q

chem: how do you test for carbonates

A

react carbonates with dilute acids to form carbon dioxide + salt + water, as the carbon dioxide is produced it can be bubbled into limewater to check if it is indeed carbon dioxide

109
Q

chem: how do you test for halides

A
  • add dilute nitric acid to the solution
  • add silver nitrate ions
  • the halide will form a precipiatate with the silver ions if it is a halide
110
Q

chem: what is a halide

A

it is a compoud containing a halogen ion

111
Q

chem: what colour is silver chloride

112
Q

chem: what colour is silver bromide

113
Q

chem: what colour is silver iodide

A

pale yellow

114
Q

chem: what are sulfates

115
Q

chem: how do you test for sulfates

A
  • add dilute hydrochloric acid to a solution to remove carbate ions
  • add barium chloride, if sulfates are present then a white precipitate will be formed
116
Q

Chem: what is hydrogenisation

A

It is the process of combining hydrogen and alkenes to form alkanes

117
Q

Chem: how are alcohols produces with alkenes

A

Alkene + water (steam) -> alcohol

118
Q

Chem: how are halogenalkanes

A

Halogen + alkene -> halogenalkanes

119
Q

Chem: what happens when alkenes react oxygen

A

Alkene + oxygen -> combustion

120
Q

chem: what happens during an alkene addition reaction

A

their double carbon bonds open up allowing hte carbon atoms to bond with new atoms

121
Q

chem: what is it called when atoms hydrogen atoms are added across a double carbon bond

A

hydrogenisation

122
Q

chem: what is a hydroxyl group

A

it is the functional group of alchohols and is -OH

123
Q

chem: what is a carboxyl group

A

it is the functional group of carboxylic acids and is -COOH

124
Q

Chem: what is the name given to groups of hydrocarbons (based on their chain length)

125
Q

Chem: what type of crude oil fraction makes bad fuels

A

Heavy fractions

126
Q

Chem: over the evolution of the earth how did the gas proportions change

127
Q

Chem: what is an evaluate question

A

A question that requires you to say something is better than another thing.

128
Q

Chem: what 2 pollutants does to incomplete combustion cause

A
  • carbon monoxide
  • particulates
129
Q

Chem: how do Sulfur impurities cause an environmental effect

A

Sulphur impurities are in all fossil fuels, when burned it oxidises forming a toxic gas

130
Q

Chem: how do internal combustion engines cause the production of a toxic gas

A

When fossil fuels are burned at high temps in a confined space nitrogen and oxygen react to form oxides of nitrogen which are toxic

131
Q

Chem: what environmental effect does increased levels of particulates cause

A

Increased global dimming

132
Q

Chem: what environmental effects do both Sulfur and nitrogen oxides have

A
  • when inhaled they cause respiratory issues
  • they can react with water to for sulphuric acid and nitric acid that cause acid rain
133
Q

Chem: how do the oceans remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

A
  • Carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans
  • when it is in this state it can react with water to give carbon precipitates
134
Q

Chem: how do marine animals remove remove carbon form the atmosphere

A

Marine animals remove carbonates from the oceans to build their shells and skeletons

135
Q

Chem: how many double bonds do alkenes have

A

All alkenes only have one double bond

136
Q

Chem: carboxylic acid + alcohol ->

137
Q

Chem: why can giant ionic compounds not conduct when solid

A

Because the ions are not free to move

138
Q

Chem: what are precipitates (for GCSE)

A

Metal hydroxides

139
Q

Chem: what is a reference substance in paper chromatoegraphy

A

It provides an indication of substance presence, they are pure substances run alongside the solution

140
Q

Chem: what is the product of ethanoic acid + ethanol

A

Ethyl ethanoate (ester) + water

141
Q

Chem: how are esters formed

A

Ethanol + carboxylic acid

142
Q

Chem: what is the ending for carboxylic acids

A

oic, ethanoic acid

143
Q

Chem: using flame tests, why might it be hard to test metals in a mixture

A

Because some colours might overshadow others

144
Q

Chem: what is the pattern of light that an element gives off called

A

A line spectrum

145
Q

Chem: how do emission spectra work

A
  1. Heat causes an element to give off light
  2. Each element gives off a different pattern of light (this is a line spectrum)
  3. Not all of the light is visible
  4. A prism is used to split the light, spectroscopy
  5. The pattern is used to identify different chemichals
146
Q

Chem: what are the aspects of spectrocpscopy

A
  • more accurate
  • highly sensitive
  • quicker
  • small samples
147
Q

Chem: what are the aspects of flame tests

A
  • Cheaper
  • Less training
148
Q

Chem: what is spectroscopy

A

The process of splitting light with a prism into a spectrum

149
Q

Chem: what is different about aluminium in the sodium hydroxide tests (when that is in excess)

A

It dissolves

150
Q

Chem: when you mix chloride ions with silver nitrate and nitric acid what happens

A

White precipitates

151
Q

Chem: when you mix bromide ions with silver nitrate and nitric acid what colour percipitate is formed

A

Cream precipitates

152
Q

Chem: when you mix iodide ions with silver nitrate and nitric acid what happens

A

Yellow precipitates

153
Q

Chem: what is bronze an alloy of

A

Copper and zink

154
Q

Chem: what is brass an alloy of

A

Copper and tin

155
Q

Chem: what is brass an alloy of

A

Copper and zinc

156
Q

Chem: what are steels alloys of

A

Iron and carbon and/or other metals

157
Q

Chem: what is steels alloys of

A

Iron and carbon and/or other metals

158
Q

Chem: what is bronze used for

A
  • electrical hardware
  • statues
  • coins
159
Q

Chem: what is tins effect in bronze

A

It increases hardness

160
Q

Chem: in brass what does zinc do

A

It makes the material more malliable

161
Q

Chem: what is brass used for

A
  • hinges
  • plug sockets
  • locks
162
Q

Chem: why are gold alloys made

A

Because they are more resilliant, 24 carrots is pure gold and 12 carrots is 50%

163
Q

Chem: what is high carbon steel used for and what are its properties

A

It is used for cutting tools and blades and it strong and brittle

164
Q

Chem: what is low carbon steel used for and what are its properties

A

Making car bodies, soft and malliable

165
Q

Chem: what do stainless steels do and what are they made of

A

They are used in cutting utensils and cutlery and are made of chromium and nikel, iron and carbon

166
Q

Chem: what are the properties of stainless steel

A

Strong and resistant to corrosion

167
Q

Chem: what is corrosion

A

It is the destruction of a material by reaction with water and/or oxygen

168
Q

Chem: what is rusting

A

It is the corrosion or iron or steel

169
Q

Chem: how is corrosion prevented with protective layers, some examples

A

They block the water or air from reaching the material the can corrode, layers include:
- plastic/metal coating
- oil
- paint

170
Q

Chem: what are the problems that sulfur dioxide can cause

A
  • acid rain
  • respiratory problems
171
Q

Chem: how is sewage water treated to remove organic matter

A
  • it is filtered
  • sedimentation is used to produce sewage sludge and effluent
  • anaerobic digestion of solid sewage sludge
  • aerobic biological treatment of liquid effluent
172
Q

Chem: how can alkenes form alkanes

A

Nitric acid catalyst, react with water

173
Q

Chem: how do alkenes form alcohols

A

Phosphoric acid catalyst reaction with steam

174
Q

Chem: what is the haber process

A
  • It is a process that makes ammonia
  • it uses the reversible reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen as shown below
175
Q

Chem: what are the steps of the haber process

A
  1. Nitrogen and hydrogen are pumped through piped and the pressure of the mixture is increased to 200 atmospheres
  2. The pressurised gas is heated to 450 degrees and is passed through a tank containing an iron catalyst
  3. Mixture is cooled, ammonia is collected, excess gasses and recycled
176
Q

Chem: what are some uses of ammonia

A
  • making fertilisers
  • explosives
  • dyes
177
Q

Chem: what is potassium used for in plants

A

Needed in enzymes involved in respiration and photosynthesis

178
Q

Chem: what is phosphorus used for in plants

A

To make more dna and cell membraines

179
Q

Chem: what is phosphate rock

A

It is a source of insolable phosphorus

180
Q

Chem: phosphate rock + nitric acid

A

Phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate

181
Q

Chem: phosphate rock + nitric acid

A

Phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate

182
Q

Chem: phosphate rock + sulfuric acid

A

Single supersulfate

183
Q

Chem: phosphate rock + phosphoric acid

A

Triple supersulfate

184
Q

Chem: what are the 2 main sources of potassium in fertilisers

A
  • potassium sulphate
  • Potassium chloride
185
Q

Chem: what are the 2 main sources of potassium in fertilisers

A
  • potassium sulcate
  • Potassium chloride
186
Q

Chem: how does sacrificial coating prevent corrosion

A

Placing a more reactive element over a less reactive one can protect that one by letting the more reactive corrode, magnesium added to train tracks to protect them

187
Q

Chem: what gas that can be harmful to the atmosphere can be released by internal combustion engines

A

Nitrogen dioxide can be released by internal combustion engines, this gas is toxic

188
Q

Chem: what is the issue with sulfur dioxide

A

It is toxic

189
Q

Chem: why would the concentration of ions not decrease when a solution is filtered

A

Because the ions are in a solution and so the filter cannot filter them out

190
Q

Chem: what is the process for the greenhouse effect

A
  1. The sun emits short wavelength radiation such as UV
  2. The earth absorbs and emits long wavelength radiation and the upper atmosphere heats up
  3. Greenhouse gasses absorb some of the long wavelength radiation
  4. These greenhouse gasses re-radiate this thermal radiation in all directions, some of this radiation goes back into the atmoshpere and warms up the lower atmosphere
191
Q

Chem: what 3 things decrease atmospheric carbon

A
  • carbon dioxide can be dissolved in the oceans and can then react in this state with water to give carbon precipitates
  • photosynthesis
  • marine animals, they can remove carbonates from ocean to build their shells and skeletons
193
Q

Chem: how does the earths atmosphere change over time

A
  1. Volcanoes release carbon dioxide, water vapour and nitrogen into the atmosphere
  2. Water vapour condenses and falls as rain, oceans are formed
  3. Algie form and begin to photosynthesise, releasing oxygen
  4. Oxygen levels increased
  5. Levels of carbon dioxide dropped as the carbon dioxide becomes trapped
194
Q

Chem: what are the properties of alkenes

A
  • they have higher reactivity than alkenes
  • Higher melting and boiling point
  • greater flammibility
195
Q

Chem: what can make something a thermal conducter

A

Delocalized electrons

196
Q

Chem: for a carboxylic acid to react with an alcohol what type of acid must be present

A

Acid catalyst

197
Q

Chem: when plotting a graph if a coordinate is 0,0 what do you do with it

A

PUT A CROSS ON IT

198
Q

Chem: name the monomers from which starch are produced

199
Q

Chem: name the monomers from which protiens are produced

A

Amino acids

200
Q

Chem: what are the reactants that produce ethyl ethanoate + water

A

Ethanoic acid + ethanol

201
Q

Chem: in the sulphate and halide ion tests what is the catalyst

202
Q

Chem: why does limewater go cloudy

A

When it reacts with carbon dioxide calcium carbonate, a precipitate is formed

203
Q

Chem: what catalysts are used in processes that produce ammonia

204
Q

Chem: how do alcohols produce carboxylic acids

A

In the presence of strong oxidising agents alcohols react (with the oxidising agents) to form carboxylic acids

205
Q

Chem: what are ceramics

A

Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic solids

206
Q

Chem: what are 2 examples of ceramics

A
  • glass
  • pottery and bricks
207
Q

Chem: what is most of the glass that we use

A

Soda lime glass

208
Q

Chem: how is soda lime glass produced

A

By combining limestone, sodium carbonate and sand and heating the mixture

209
Q

Chem: what is a non soda lime type of glass that you have to know for gcse

210
Q

Chem: how is pyrex produced

A

Sand and boron trioxide are combined and heated to a greater temp than required for soda lime glass

211
Q

Chem: what is pyrex used for

A

Chemical glassware and kitchemware

212
Q

Chem: what are the ammonia containing compounds used in fertilisers and how are they made

A
  • ammonium nitrate - ammonia + nitric acid
213
Q

bio: what are 3 roles of proteins in the body

A
  • enzymes
  • haemoglobin
  • antibiodies
214
Q

Chem: what are esters used for

A
  • perfumes
  • flavourings
  • industrial solvents
215
Q

Chem: what is the functional group for esters

216
Q

Chem: how are esters named

A
  1. Remove anol from the alcohol and add -yl
  2. Change the same of the parent acid to endo in -oate
  3. Alcohol names top the front and acid to the back
217
Q

Chem: how is solid sewage sludge digested

A

With anaerobic digestion

218
Q

Chem: how is liquid effluent treated

A

Aerobic biological treatment

219
Q

Chem: how is soot formed during combustions

A

During incomplete combustion some carbon is not fully oxidised and so could become carbon monoxide or soot or a mixture

220
Q

Chem: what is soot

A

Particulate carbon

221
Q

Chem: how is acid rain formed

A
  • all rain is slightly acidic due to dissolved carbon dioxide
  • sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can dissolve in droplets of water (rain) to form sulfuric acids
222
Q

Chem: what are nitrogen monoxide and dioxide referred to as

223
Q

Chem: what are the effects of acid rain

A
  • buildings and statues are damaged when it reacts with metals and rocks, especially those made of limestone (calcium carbonate)
  • it damages the waxy layer of leaves of trees which makes it more difficult for them to absorb minerals needed for them to grow
  • it also makes rivers and lakes more acidic, meaning some aquatic life cannot survive

GCSEs (34 decks)

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