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GCSEs > History - Medicine > Flashcards

History - Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Medicine: what were the 5 believed CAUSES of disease in medieval England

A
  • An imbalance in the 4 humours
  • God
  • Miasma
  • Astrology
  • Witches
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1
Q

Medicine: why were dissections not common in medieval england

A

Because of religious beliefs

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2
Q

Medicine: what happened when dissections were undertaken in medieval england, and who would perform the dissections.

A

They only happened on criminals who were executed, they were called forbade dissections, the barber not the doctor, during the dissection the doctor would read from Galen’s book and would attribute any differences to the book to the sins of the person

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3
Q

Medicine: describe the four humours

A

It was Hippocrates’ idea that disease was caused by an imbalance of the 4 humours, blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile.

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4
Q

Medicine: describe the theory of opposites

A

The theory of opposites is Galen’s theory that when there is too much of one humour causing disease you should take the opposite treatment, e.g. too much blood, do bloodletting

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5
Q

Medicine: what are the 4 believed treatments in the medieval period

A
  • blood letting/purging
  • bathing/bathing in sweet smelling herbs
  • astrology
  • praying/pilgrimage
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6
Q

Medicine: who would treat disease in medieval england and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each

A
  • Family, cheap and easy but they are inexperienced
  • monks and nuns, free, not common
  • physicians, male university trained studying galen and would only prescribe not treat, expensive
  • apothecaries, cheaper, gave the medicine prescribed by physicians
  • barber surgeons, cheap and had a licence, painful
  • wise women, cheap and no training
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7
Q

Medicine: what were methods of prevention of diseases in medieval england

A
  • do not breathe in “bad air”
  • herb sacks
  • Praying/no sinning
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8
Q

Medicine: describe the prevention of the black death

A
  • flagellants
  • praying
  • sweet smelling herbs
  • avoiding bad air/ miasma
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9
Q

Medicine: what happened to the church in the reneissanse period

A

The church lost power due to the advent of the printing press and the spread of knowledge it caused, ideas of Protestantism happened

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10
Q

Medicine: who is Andreas vesalius

A

He corrected many of Galen’s mistakes, he stole bodies to perform dissections, in 1543 he published he book, on the fabric of the human body, he did NOT help with treatments

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11
Q

Medicine: what are 4 of Galen’s mistakes that vesalius corrected

A
  • The breast bone made of 3 bones not 7
  • the jaw bone made of 1 bone not 2
  • blood does not flow through the heart through invisible holes into the septum
  • kidneys at the same level
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12
Q

Medicine: who is galen

A

He was an ancient Roman physician, he built upon the 4 humours

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13
Q

Medicine: who thought of the idea of the theory of the 4 humours

A

Hippocrates

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14
Q

Medicine: what did vesalius think about blood and the heart

A
  • He thought the heart was in 2 parts and did not realise that the heart was a pump
  • he thought that the blood was made in the liver
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15
Q

Medicine: what uni was vesalius from

A

Pauda

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16
Q

Medicine: describe William harvey

A

He dissected humans and animals, he became the royal physician for James I, he discovered that the heart was a pump

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17
Q

medicine: who was Thomas Sydenham and what did he do

A
  • he came up with the practical approach to medicine
  • he made full medical histories of his patients
  • this was in the 1600s
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18
Q

medicine: what was the royal society

A
  • it was an organization of scientists established in 1660
  • king Charles gave them a royal charter giving them much granted credibility and recognition
  • this gave them a base to advance medical understanding
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19
Q

medicine: where could you be treated in the reneissance

A

the monasteries were abolished so you could be treated in a renaissance hospital or a pest house

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20
Q

medicine: how many licensed hospitals (apothecaries) existed in the reneissanse

A

less than 100

21
Q

medicine: what were the TREATMENTS in the reneissance

A
  • Sydenham’s methods
  • 4 humors
  • new ingridients fopr apothecaries
22
Q

medicine: when was the plague in the renaissance period

A

1665

23
Q

Medicine: what were the different preventions and treatment used in the great plauge of 1665

A
  • T people rolled in thick woollen cloths and put next to a fire to separate of the disease
  • T transference was popular, people strapped chickens to themsplfs
  • P local government banned public meatings and large funerals and fairs, streets were cleaned and dogs and caters were killed
24
Q

Medicine: what were the similar preventions and treatment used in the great plauge of 1665

A
  • praying
  • pomander carrieing
  • herbal remedies
  • run away
25
Q

Medicine: what did Edward Jenner do

A
  • he noticed milkmaids that who got smallpox did not get cowpox
  • he took out some puss from a person with cowpox and put it on a cut on the boy James fips
  • this is the first vaccination
  • Jenner did not understand how his vaccination worked.
26
Q

Medicine: who was Louis Pasteur

A
  • a French scientist
  • he was visited by a brewery owner who wondered if the microorganisims in the beer were in the air and not spontaneously generating
  • Pasteur devised the swan neck flask experiment proving that there were microorganisms in the air,
  • he created germ theory
  • Pasteu could not explain good vs bad bacteria
27
Q

Meds: what did Florence nightingale do

A
  • massive reform to hospitals, brought clean towels and sheets and good food
  • massively cut the death rate
28
Q

Meds: what theory did nitinghale not believe in

A

Germ theory

29
Q

Meds: when did Florence nightingale publish her book and what was it called

A

Notes for nursing, published in 1860

30
Q

Meds: what did florence nightingale set up in 1866

A

She set up the first nurse training school

31
Q

Meds: what did Chadwick write

A

He write a report in 1842 called the report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population

32
Q

Meds: following chadwicks report what 3 recommendations did he have

A
  • laws that improved the sewers
  • medical officers to improve conditions
  • he realised the need for public hygiene and clean water
33
Q

Meds: what happened to the domestic policy on health in britian

A

Is became less lassie faire

34
Q

Meds: when was the first public health act and what did it entail

A
  • 1848
  • board of health instructed to encourage local councils to improve conditions
  • it was not compulsory and so did not have a huge impact
35
Q

Meds: when were more men allowed to vote what was the act called and what impact did it have on medicine

A
  • 1867
  • second reform act
  • more men allowed to vote and so it is in the governments interest to improve health conditions
36
Q

Meds: when was the second public health act

A
  • was compulsory
  • provide clean water
  • sewage systems
  • collect rubbish and appoint health officer
37
Q

Meds: what treatments were used during the industrial period

A
  • drugs (cocaine, opiates)
  • aspirin (phased out the opiates
  • Joseph lister used carbolic acid to treat and clean wounds
38
Q

Meds: who discovered chloroform and when

A
  • 1847
  • James simpson
39
Q

Meds: surgery in the industrial period

A
  • rare and painful, could cause blood loss and infection
  • antiseptics were used more by people like Florence nightingale
  • pain was lessened by the discovery of chloroform
  • anaesthetics meant that more time could be spent operating which allowed for less blood loss
40
Q

Meds: how does the use of anaesthetics make operating more safe

A

anaesthetics meant that more time could be spent operating which allowed for less blood loss

41
Q

Meds: what are anstetics

A

Prevent pain

42
Q

Meds: why did conditions in the industrial period encourage the spread of disease

A

Because of cramped unhygienic conditions caused by people moving to cities and factories

43
Q

Meds: when was germ theory finally adopted

A

The early 1900s

44
Q

Meds: who was john snow and what did he do

A

John snow was a man in the industrial period who found the source of cholera, he did this in this way:
- he made a map of cases of cholera in 1854
- he saw that many of the cases of cholera were around a water pump
- he removed the handle from this water pump forcing people to use a different one and found that the spread of cholera stopped in that area
- he found that cholera was waterborne and that it was caused in that area by a leaking street toilet

45
Q

Medicine: what how was dna discovered

A

In 1951 Rosalind Franklin took an image of DNA, she showed it to James Watson and he worked with Francis crick to interpret the image, their work was published in 1953 with the man taking most of the credit

46
Q

Medicine: what factors did people realise affect thier health

A

Lifestyle factors

47
Q

Medicine: what is a magic bullet

A

It is a chemical that can kill specific pathogen

48
Q

Medicine: when was the first magic bullet invented and what was it called

A

Salvarsan 606 in 1909

49
Q

Medicine: how was Salvarsan 606 invenged

A

They tested some of the compounds they had already tried and found that the 606th compound worked, Salvarsan 606

GCSEs (28 decks)

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