🕒History - Medicine Flashcards
Medicine: what were the 5 believed CAUSES of disease in medieval England
- An imbalance in the 4 humours
- God
- Miasma
- Astrology
- Witches
Medicine: why were dissections not common in medieval england
Because of religious beliefs
Medicine: what happened when dissections were undertaken in medieval england, and who would perform the dissections.
They only happened on criminals who were executed, they were called forbade dissections, the barber not the doctor, during the dissection the doctor would read from Galen’s book and would attribute any differences to the book to the sins of the person
Medicine: describe the four humours
It was Hippocrates’ idea that disease was caused by an imbalance of the 4 humours, blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile.
Medicine: describe the theory of opposites
The theory of opposites is Galen’s theory that when there is too much of one humour causing disease you should take the opposite treatment, e.g. too much blood, do bloodletting
Medicine: what are the 4 believed treatments in the medieval period
- blood letting/purging
- bathing/bathing in sweet smelling herbs
- astrology
- praying/pilgrimage
Medicine: who would treat disease in medieval england and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each
- Family, cheap and easy but they are inexperienced
- monks and nuns, free, not common
- physicians, male university trained studying galen and would only prescribe not treat, expensive
- apothecaries, cheaper, gave the medicine prescribed by physicians
- barber surgeons, cheap and had a licence, painful
- wise women, cheap and no training
Medicine: what were methods of prevention of diseases in medieval england
- do not breathe in “bad air”
- herb sacks
- Praying/no sinning
Medicine: describe the prevention of the black death
- flagellants
- praying
- sweet smelling herbs
- avoiding bad air/ miasma
Medicine: what happened to the church in the renaissance period
The church lost power due to the invention of the printing press and the spread of knowledge it caused, ideas of Protestantism arose
Medicine: who is Andreas vesalius
He corrected many of Galen’s mistakes, he stole bodies to perform dissections, in 1543 he published he book, on the fabric of the human body, he did NOT help with treatments
Medicine: what are 4 of Galen’s mistakes that vesalius corrected
- The breast bone made of 3 bones not 7
- the jaw bone made of 1 bone not 2
- blood does not flow through the heart through invisible holes into the septum
- kidneys at the same level
Medicine: who is galen
He was an ancient Roman physician, he built upon the 4 humours
Medicine: who thought of the idea of the theory of the 4 humours
Hippocrates
Medicine: what did vesalius think about blood and the heart
- He thought the heart was in 2 parts and did not realise that the heart was a pump
- he thought that the blood was made in the liver
Medicine: what uni was vesalius from
Pauda
Medicine: describe William harvey
He dissected humans and animals, he became the royal physician for James I, he discovered that the heart was a pump
medicine: who was Thomas Sydenham and what did he do
- he came up with the practical approach to medicine
- he made full medical histories of his patients
- this was in the 1600s
medicine: what was the royal society
- it was an organization of scientists established in 1660
- king Charles gave them a royal charter giving them much granted credibility and recognition
- this gave them a base to advance medical understanding
medicine: where could you be treated in the reneissance
the monasteries were abolished so you could be treated in a renaissance hospital or a pest house
medicine: how many licensed hospitals (apothecaries) existed in the reneissanse
less than 100
medicine: what were the TREATMENTS in the reneissance
- Sydenham’s methods
- 4 humors
- new ingridients fopr apothecaries
medicine: when was the plague in the renaissance period
1665
Medicine: what were the different preventions and treatment used in the great plauge of 1665
- T people rolled in thick woollen cloths and put next to a fire to separate of the disease
- T transference was popular, people strapped chickens to themsplfs
- P local government banned public meatings and large funerals and fairs, streets were cleaned and dogs and caters were killed
Medicine: what were the similar preventions and treatment used in the great plauge of 1665
- praying
- pomander carrieing
- herbal remedies
- run away
Medicine: what did Edward Jenner do
- he noticed milkmaids that who got smallpox did not get cowpox
- he took out some puss from a person with cowpox and put it on a cut on the boy James fips
- this is the first vaccination
- Jenner did not understand how his vaccination worked.
Medicine: who was Louis Pasteur
- a French scientist
- he was visited by a brewery owner who wondered if the microorganisims in the beer were in the air and not spontaneously generating
- Pasteur devised the swan neck flask experiment proving that there were microorganisms in the air,
- he created germ theory
- Pasteu could not explain good vs bad bacteria
Meds: what did Florence nightingale do
- massive reform to hospitals, brought clean towels and sheets and good food
- massively cut the death rate
Meds: what theory did Nightingale not believe in
Germ theory
Meds: when did Florence nightingale publish her book and what was it called
Notes for nursing, published in 1860
Meds: what did florence nightingale set up in 1866
She set up the first nurse training school
Meds: Who was Edwin Chadwick and what did he write?
He is a government official who wrote a report in 1842 called the report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population
He concluded from his research that people who lived in the countryside had greater life expectancy than in London due to London’s unclean conditions
Meds: following chadwicks report what 3 recommendations did he have
- laws that improved the sewers
- medical officers to improve conditions
- he realised the need for public hygiene and clean water
Meds: what happened to the domestic policy on health in britian
Is became less lassie faire
Meds: when was the first public health act and what did it entail
- 1848
- board of health instructed to encourage local councils to improve conditions
- it was not compulsory and so did not have a huge impact
Meds: when were more men allowed to vote what was the act called and what impact did it have on medicine
- 1867
- second reform act
- more men allowed to vote and so it is in the governments interest to improve health conditions
Meds: When and what was the Second Public Health act?
- 1875
- was compulsory for local councils to:
- provide clean water
- improve sewage systems
- collect rubbish and appoint health officer
Meds: what treatments were used during the industrial period
- herbal remedies
- ‘cure alls’ or patent medicine - herbal remedies that were said to be able to cure a large range of illnesses
- by the end of this period aspirin had been invented
Meds: who discovered chloroform and when
- 1847
- James simpson
Meds: surgery in the industrial period
- rare and painful, could cause blood loss and infection
- antiseptics were used more by people like Florence nightingale
- pain was lessened by the discovery of chloroform
- anaesthetics meant that more time could be spent operating which allowed for less blood loss
Meds: how does the use of anaesthetics make operating more safe
anaesthetics meant that more time could be spent operating which allowed for less blood loss
Meds: what are anstetics
Prevent pain
Meds: why did conditions in the industrial period encourage the spread of disease
Because of cramped unhygienic conditions caused by people moving to cities and factories
Meds: when was germ theory finally adopted
The early 1900s
Meds: who was john snow and what did he do
John snow was a man in the industrial period who found the source of cholera, he did this in this way:
- he made a map of cases of cholera in 1854
- he saw that many of the cases of cholera were around a water pump
- he removed the handle from this water pump forcing people to use a different one and found that the spread of cholera stopped in that area
- he found that cholera was waterborne and that it was caused in that area by a leaking street toilet
Medicine: what how was dna discovered
In 1951 Rosalind Franklin took an image of DNA, she showed it to James Watson and he worked with Francis crick to interpret the image, their work was published in 1953 with the man taking most of the credit
Medicine: in the modern period what factors did people realise affect thier health
Lifestyle factors
Medicine: what is a magic bullet
It is a chemical that can kill specific pathogen
Medicine: when was the first magic bullet invented and what was it called
Salvarsan 606 in 1909
Medicine: how was Salvarsan 606 invented
They tested some of the compounds they had already tried and found that the 606th compound worked, Salvarsan 606
Cold: when did workers get the national health insurance
1911
Med: what new thing did the workers gain access to when they got national health insurance
Health care
Meds: when were x-rays discovered
1895
Meds: when were CT scanners developed and what do they do
1972, they take images of inside the body
Meds: when and how was penicillin discovered
1928, Fleming left out some streptococcus bacteria and when he checked on it he found that there was some mould growing on it that killed the bacteria, this was called penicillin
Meds: who was given funding by who to find out how do develop penicilin
Florey and chain were given funding by the Americans to find out how to develop penicilin
Med: the consumption of drugs increased in the industrial period, what were they
- cocaine
- opiates
- aspirin - this phased out the opiates
- Joseph lister - used carbolic acid to treat and to clean wounds
Med: when was germ theory made
1861
Med: when was the printing press invented
1440
Med: during the industrial period what was surgery like
- it was rare
- it was becoming more common as antiseptics did
- pain lessened and an issue after the discovery of chloroform took effect
Med: who discovered chloroform and give some facts
- James Simpson
- 1847
- it was not used much as anaesthetics could cause death
Med: what and when was the first magic bullet
- Salvarsan 606
- 1909
- it was the 606th compound tested, an assistant found that it worked
Med: when was the NHS made
1948
Med: when we’re x-rays made
1895
Med: when was the cat scanner invented
1972
Med: when was Francis and cricks work on dna published
1953
Med: what is a magic bullet
It is a chemical the kills specific germs
Med: what and when was the second magic bullet
- in the 30-40s
- protocol in
- cured meningitis, pneumonia and scarlet fever
Med :who first diagnosed scarlet fever how
- Thomas Sydenham
- recording patient history
Med: how many of glens mistakes did Vesalius correct
200
Med: what is patent medicine (victorian)
Med: when we’re blood groups discovered
Med: talk abt great plauge
Roger bacon
Med: what was surgery used for in the medieval period
Only for minor injuries and was performed by a barber surgeon
Med: who was rojer bacon
He was a man in the medieval period, he was accused of heresy for suggesting that the church should look to new medical ideas beyond Galen. He’s a good example of the churches view on medicine in the medieval period
bio: in the renaissance why did the power of the catholic church decrease
Because of the spread of protestantisim
Bio: what happened to knowledge during the medieval period
Its spread was hampered by the church
Bio: what happened to knowledge in the renessance
It spread due to the advent of the printing press
Med: what does aspirin do
It is a painkiller
Med: what are the believed causes of diseases in the INDUSTRIAL period
- miasma
- spontaneous generation, the idea that bacteria/pathogens randomly appear and cause disease
- germ theory, Louis pasteur discovered germs float in the air
Med: when did william Harvey publish his ideas
He published his book in 1628
Med: when did Jenner make his first vaccination
1796
Med: why could Jenner not make new vaccinations
Because he did not understand how his worked
Med: what did pasteur discover
That germs in the air cause disease in 1861 and explained the science behind vaccinations in 1880
Med: when and by who was the science behind vaccinations explaned
Louis pasteur - 1880
Med: what did Koch discover
- He discovered that specific bacteria cause specific diseases, he found the bacteria that caused anthrax in 1876
- he also developed sterilisation which led to aseptic surgery by 1900
Med: when did nightingale set up the school for nursing
1860
Med: what did Florence nightingale not believe in
She did not believe in germ theory, she believed in miasma
Med: what is chloroform and who discovered it
It is an effective anaesthetic it is a drug that puts people to sleep. Sipson discovered it in 1847
Med: why did chloroform cause more deaths in surgery in the black period of surgery
Because surgeons tried more difficult surgeries check
Med: what did lister discover
That carbolic acid could be used to prevent infections in wounds in 1867
Med: when was the black period of surgery
1850 - 70
Med: what problems relating to surgery were solved in the industrial period and what were still prevalent
- The problems of pain and infection were solved
- there was still not a way to replace lost blood at the time
Med: in the industrial period what were the government doing
They were starting to take more actions to improve public health
Med: what were the believed CAUSES of disease in the MODERN period
- germs
- viruses
- DNA
Med: what were the treatments of disease in the modern period
- chemical drugs such as magic bullets
- antibiotics such as penicillin
- radiotherapy and chemotherapy
- gene therapy (a treatment that changes a persons genes)
Med: when were blood groups discovered and by who
They were discovered in 1901 by landsteiner
Med: what did the discovery of blood groups allow to happen
Blood transfusions to take place
Med: who was responsible for the setup of the NHS and when was the NHS set up
- Bevan
- 1948
Med: what did the NHS cause
Life expectancy (in the UK) to increase
Med: who took the first picture of DNA and who created the model of DNA
- Franklin made the first model of DNA
- Watson and Crick made the model of DNA
Med: what did the advancements in medicine in the modern period cause
People lived longer because the medical care was much better
Med: what are the 4 battles you must remember for the western front and what are their dates
- somme (1916)
- third battle of Ypres (1917)
- Arras (1917)
- Cambrai (1917)
Med: detail the battle of the Somme
- extremely high casualties on both sides
- 20000 British deaths on day one
Med: detail the third battle of Ypres
- lots of rain for weeks before led to mud
- it was hard to move through
Med: detail the battle of Arras
- tunnels were used including underground hospitals
Med: detail the battle of Cambrai
- 1917
- 1st major use of tanks
- blood depot setup to store blood
Med: what are the 4 types of injury present on the western front that you must know
- trench foot
- head injuries (shrapnel)
- trench fever
- gas
Med: give a description of the injury caused by gas on the western front
It was not a major killer but could cause temporary blindness
Med: give a description trench fever on the western front
- it was caused by lice
- it had flu like symptoms
Med: describe trench foot on the western front
- waterlogging could lead to gangrene (infection ) in the feet
Med: what mostly caused head injuries on the western front
shrapnel
Med: what was the evacuation route on the western front
- stretched bearer
- regimental aid post
- field ambulance
- casualty clearing station
- bace hospital
Med: on the evacuation route in the western front what was the stretcher bearer
It was a person who collected soldiers for treatment
Med: on the evacuation route in the western front what was the regimental aid post
It was close to the front line and offered first aid
Med: on the evacuation route in the western front what was the field ambulance
It was a mobile medical unit for less serious cases
Med: on the evacuation route in the western front what was the casualty clearing station
It was mikes behind the front line, it performed operations for life threatening injuries
Med: on the evacuation route in the western front what was the base hosptial
It was larger and offered surgery/specialised treatment
Med: who discovered that blood could be stored and how and when
- 1915
- adding sodium citrate to blood allowed for it to be stored
- lewisohn
Med: when did they find out how to extend the storage of blood and how and who
- 1916
- rous & turner
- they added citrate glucose to ted the storage of blood
Med: why could John snow not prove his theory about cholera
Because he did not know about germs
What was inoculation
