🕒History - Medicine Flashcards
Medicine: what were the 5 believed CAUSES of disease in medieval England
- An imbalance in the 4 humours
- God
- Miasma
- Astrology
- Witches
Medicine: why were dissections not common in medieval england
Because of religious beliefs
Medicine: what happened when dissections were undertaken in medieval england, and who would perform the dissections.
They only happened on criminals who were executed, they were called forbade dissections, the barber not the doctor, during the dissection the doctor would read from Galen’s book and would attribute any differences to the book to the sins of the person
Medicine: describe the four humours
It was Hippocrates’ idea that disease was caused by an imbalance of the 4 humours, blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile.
Medicine: describe the theory of opposites
The theory of opposites is Galen’s theory that when there is too much of one humour causing disease you should take the opposite treatment, e.g. too much blood, do bloodletting
Medicine: what are the 4 believed treatments in the medieval period
- blood letting/purging
- bathing/bathing in sweet smelling herbs
- astrology
- praying/pilgrimage
Medicine: who would treat disease in medieval england and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each
- Family, cheap and easy but they are inexperienced
- monks and nuns, free, not common
- physicians, male university trained studying galen and would only prescribe not treat, expensive
- apothecaries, cheaper, gave the medicine prescribed by physicians
- barber surgeons, cheap and had a licence, painful
- wise women, cheap and no training
Medicine: what were methods of prevention of diseases in medieval england
- do not breathe in “bad air”
- herb sacks
- Praying/no sinning
Medicine: describe the prevention of the black death
- flagellants
- praying
- sweet smelling herbs
- avoiding bad air/ miasma
Medicine: what happened to the church in the renaissance period
The church lost power due to the invention of the printing press and the spread of knowledge it caused, ideas of Protestantism arose
Medicine: who is Andreas vesalius
He corrected many of Galen’s mistakes, he stole bodies to perform dissections, in 1543 he published he book, on the fabric of the human body, he did NOT help with treatments
Medicine: what are 4 of Galen’s mistakes that vesalius corrected
- The breast bone made of 3 bones not 7
- the jaw bone made of 1 bone not 2
- blood does not flow through the heart through invisible holes into the septum
- kidneys at the same level
Medicine: who is galen
He was an ancient Roman physician, he built upon the 4 humours
Medicine: who thought of the idea of the theory of the 4 humours
Hippocrates
Medicine: what did vesalius think about blood and the heart
- He thought the heart was in 2 parts and did not realise that the heart was a pump
- he thought that the blood was made in the liver
Medicine: what uni was vesalius from
Pauda
Medicine: describe William harvey
He dissected humans and animals, he became the royal physician for James I, he discovered that the heart was a pump
medicine: who was Thomas Sydenham and what did he do
- he came up with the practical approach to medicine
- he made full medical histories of his patients
- this was in the 1600s
medicine: what was the royal society
- it was an organization of scientists established in 1660
- king Charles gave them a royal charter giving them much granted credibility and recognition
- this gave them a base to advance medical understanding
medicine: where could you be treated in the reneissance
the monasteries were abolished so you could be treated in a renaissance hospital or a pest house
medicine: how many licensed hospitals (apothecaries) existed in the reneissanse
less than 100
medicine: what were the TREATMENTS in the reneissance
- Sydenham’s methods
- 4 humors
- new ingridients fopr apothecaries
medicine: when was the plague in the renaissance period
1665
Medicine: what were the different preventions and treatment used in the great plauge of 1665
- T people rolled in thick woollen cloths and put next to a fire to separate of the disease
- T transference was popular, people strapped chickens to themsplfs
- P local government banned public meatings and large funerals and fairs, streets were cleaned and dogs and caters were killed
Medicine: what were the similar preventions and treatment used in the great plauge of 1665
- praying
- pomander carrieing
- herbal remedies
- run away
Medicine: what did Edward Jenner do
- he noticed milkmaids that who got smallpox did not get cowpox
- he took out some puss from a person with cowpox and put it on a cut on the boy James fips
- this is the first vaccination
- Jenner did not understand how his vaccination worked.
Medicine: who was Louis Pasteur
- a French scientist
- he was visited by a brewery owner who wondered if the microorganisims in the beer were in the air and not spontaneously generating
- Pasteur devised the swan neck flask experiment proving that there were microorganisms in the air,
- he created germ theory
- Pasteu could not explain good vs bad bacteria
Meds: what did Florence nightingale do
- massive reform to hospitals, brought clean towels and sheets and good food
- massively cut the death rate
Meds: what theory did Nightingale not believe in
Germ theory
Meds: when did Florence nightingale publish her book and what was it called
Notes for nursing, published in 1860
Meds: what did florence nightingale set up in 1866
She set up the first nurse training school
Meds: Who was Edwin Chadwick and what did he write?
He is a government official who wrote a report in 1842 called the report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population
He concluded from his research that people who lived in the countryside had greater life expectancy than in London due to London’s unclean conditions
Meds: following chadwicks report what 3 recommendations did he have
- laws that improved the sewers
- medical officers to improve conditions
- he realised the need for public hygiene and clean water
Meds: what happened to the domestic policy on health in britian
Is became less lassie faire
Meds: when was the first public health act and what did it entail
- 1848
- board of health instructed to encourage local councils to improve conditions
- it was not compulsory and so did not have a huge impact
Meds: when were more men allowed to vote what was the act called and what impact did it have on medicine
- 1867
- second reform act
- more men allowed to vote and so it is in the governments interest to improve health conditions
Meds: When was the Second Public Health act?
- 1875
- was compulsory for local councils to:
- provide clean water
- improve sewage systems
- collect rubbish and appoint health officer
Meds: what treatments were used during the industrial period
- drugs (cocaine, opiates)
- aspirin (phased out the opiates
- Joseph lister used carbolic acid to treat and clean wounds
Meds: who discovered chloroform and when
- 1847
- James simpson
Meds: surgery in the industrial period
- rare and painful, could cause blood loss and infection
- antiseptics were used more by people like Florence nightingale
- pain was lessened by the discovery of chloroform
- anaesthetics meant that more time could be spent operating which allowed for less blood loss
Meds: how does the use of anaesthetics make operating more safe
anaesthetics meant that more time could be spent operating which allowed for less blood loss
Meds: what are anstetics
Prevent pain
Meds: why did conditions in the industrial period encourage the spread of disease
Because of cramped unhygienic conditions caused by people moving to cities and factories
Meds: when was germ theory finally adopted
The early 1900s
Meds: who was john snow and what did he do
John snow was a man in the industrial period who found the source of cholera, he did this in this way:
- he made a map of cases of cholera in 1854
- he saw that many of the cases of cholera were around a water pump
- he removed the handle from this water pump forcing people to use a different one and found that the spread of cholera stopped in that area
- he found that cholera was waterborne and that it was caused in that area by a leaking street toilet
Medicine: what how was dna discovered
In 1951 Rosalind Franklin took an image of DNA, she showed it to James Watson and he worked with Francis crick to interpret the image, their work was published in 1953 with the man taking most of the credit
Medicine: what factors did people realise affect thier health
Lifestyle factors
Medicine: what is a magic bullet
It is a chemical that can kill specific pathogen
Medicine: when was the first magic bullet invented and what was it called
Salvarsan 606 in 1909
Medicine: how was Salvarsan 606 invenged
They tested some of the compounds they had already tried and found that the 606th compound worked, Salvarsan 606
Cold: when did workers get the national health insurance
1911
Med: what new thing did the workers gain access to when they got national health insurance
Health care
Meds: when were x-rays discovered
1895
Meds: when were CT scanners developed and what do they do
1972, they take images of inside the body
Meds: when and howwas penicillin discovered
1928, Fleming left out some streptococcus bacteria and when he checked on it he found that there was some mould growing on it that killed the bacteria, this was called penicillin
Meds: who was given funding by who to find out how do develop penicilin
Florey and chain were given funding by the Americans to find out how to develop penicilin
