🕒History - Medicine Flashcards
1
Q
Medicine: what were the 5 believed CAUSES of disease in medieval England
A
- An imbalance in the 4 humours
- God
- Miasma
- Astrology
- Witches
1
Q
Medicine: why were dissections not common in medieval england
A
Because of religious beliefs
2
Q
Medicine: what happened when dissections were undertaken in medieval england, and who would perform the dissections.
A
They only happened on criminals who were executed, they were called forbade dissections, the barber not the doctor, during the dissection the doctor would read from Galen’s book and would attribute any differences to the book to the sins of the person
3
Q
Medicine: describe the four humours
A
It was Hippocrates’ idea that disease was caused by an imbalance of the 4 humours, blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile.
4
Q
Medicine: describe the theory of opposites
A
The theory of opposites is Galen’s theory that when there is too much of one humour causing disease you should take the opposite treatment, e.g. too much blood, do bloodletting
5
Q
Medicine: what are the 4 believed treatments in the medieval period
A
- bloodletting/purging
- bathing/bathing in sweet smelling herbs
- astrology
- praying/pilgrimage
6
Q
Medicine: who would treat disease in medieval england and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each
A
- Family, cheap and easy but they are inexperienced
- monks and nuns, free, not common
- physicians, male university trained studying galen and would only prescribe not treat, expensive
- apothecaries, cheaper, gave the medicine prescribed by physicians
- barber surgeons, cheap and had a licence, painful
- wise women, cheap and no training
7
Q
Medicine: what were methods of prevention of diseases in medieval england
A
- do not breathe in “bad air”
- herb sacks
- Praying/no sinning
8
Q
Medicine: describe the prevention of the black death
A
- flagellants
- praying
- sweet smelling herbs
- avoiding bad air/ miasma
- people also ran away
9
Q
Medicine: what happened to the church in the renaissance period
A
The church lost power due to the invention of the printing press and the spread of knowledge it caused, ideas of Protestantism arose
10
Q
Medicine: who is Andreas vesalius
A
He corrected many of Galen’s mistakes, he stole bodies to perform dissections, in 1543 he published he book, on the fabric of the human body, he did NOT help with treatments
11
Q
Medicine: what are 4 of Galen’s mistakes that vesalius corrected
A
- The breast bone made of 3 bones not 7
- the jaw bone made of 1 bone not 2
- blood does not flow through the heart through invisible holes into the septum
- kidneys at the same level
12
Q
Medicine: who is galen
A
He was an ancient Roman physician, he built upon the 4 humours
13
Q
Medicine: who thought of the idea of the theory of the 4 humours
A
Hippocrates
14
Q
Medicine: what did vesalius think about blood and the heart
A
- He thought the heart was in 2 parts and did not realise that the heart was a pump
- he thought that the blood was made in the liver
15
Q
Medicine: what uni was vesalius from
A
Pauda
16
Q
Medicine: describe William harvey
A
He dissected humans and animals, he became the royal physician for James I, he discovered that the heart was a pump
17
Q
medicine: who was Thomas Sydenham and what did he do
A
- he came up with the practical approach to medicine
- he made full medical histories of his patients
- this was in the 1600s
18
Q
medicine: what was the royal society
A
- it was an organization of scientists established in 1660
- king Charles gave them a royal charter giving them much granted credibility and recognition
- this gave them a base to advance medical understanding
19
Q
medicine: where could you be treated in the reneissance
A
the monasteries were abolished so you could be treated in a renaissance hospital or a pest house
20
Q
medicine: how many licensed hospitals (apothecaries) existed in the reneissanse
A
less than 100
21
Q
medicine: what were the TREATMENTS in the reneissance
A
- Sydenham’s methods
- 4 humors
- new ingridients fopr apothecaries
22
Q
medicine: when was the plague in the renaissance period
A
1665
23
Q
Medicine: what were the different preventions and treatment used in the great plauge of 1665
A
- T people rolled in thick woollen cloths and put next to a fire to separate of the disease
- T transference was popular, people strapped chickens to themsplfs
- P local government banned public meatings and large funerals and fairs, streets were cleaned and dogs and caters were killed
24
Medicine: what were the similar preventions and treatment used in the great plauge of 1665
- praying
- pomander carrieing
- herbal remedies
- run away
25
Medicine: what did Edward Jenner do
- he noticed milkmaids that who got smallpox did not get cowpox
- he took out some puss from a person with cowpox and put it on a cut on the boy James fips
- this is the first vaccination
- Jenner **did not understand** how his vaccination worked.
26
Medicine: who was Louis Pasteur and how did he create germ theory
- a French scientist
- he was visited by a brewery owner who wondered if the microorganisims in the beer were in the air and not spontaneously generating
- Pasteur devised the swan neck flask experiment proving that there were microorganisms in the air,
- **he created germ theory**
- Pasteu could not explain good vs bad bacteria
27
Meds: what did Florence nightingale do (in the hospitals)
- massive reform to hospitals, brought clean towels and sheets and good food
- massively cut the death rate
28
Meds: what theory did Nightingale not believe in
Germ theory
29
Meds: when did Florence nightingale publish her book and what was it called
Notes for nursing, published in 1860
30
Meds: what did florence nightingale set up in 1866
She set up the first nurse training school
31
Meds: Who was Edwin Chadwick and what did he write?
He is a government official who wrote a report in 1842 called the **report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population**
He concluded from his research that people who lived in the countryside had greater life expectancy than in London due to London’s unclean conditions
32
Meds: following chadwicks report what 3 recommendations did he have
- laws that improved the sewers
- medical officers to improve conditions
- he realised the need for public hygiene and clean water
33
Meds: what happened to the domestic policy on health in Britain during the industrial period
Is became less lassie faire
34
Meds: when was the first public health act and what did it entail
- 1848
- board of health instructed to encourage local councils to improve conditions
- it was **not compulsory** and so did not have a huge impact
35
Meds: **when** were more men allowed to vote **what** was the act called and what **impact** did it have on medicine
- 1867
- second reform act
- more men allowed to vote and so it is in the governments interest to improve health conditions
36
Meds: When and **what** was the Second Public Health act?
- 1875
- **was compulsory** for local councils to:
- provide clean water
- improve sewage systems
- collect rubbish and appoint health officer
37
Meds: what treatments were used during the industrial period
- herbal remedies
- 'cure alls' or **patent medicine** - herbal remedies that were said to be able to cure a large range of illnesses
- by the end of this period aspirin had been invented
38
Meds: **who** discovered chloroform and **when**
- 1847
- James simpson
39
Meds: surgery in the industrial period
- rare and painful, could cause blood loss and infection
- antiseptics were used more by people like Florence nightingale
- pain was lessened by the discovery of chloroform
- anaesthetics meant that more time could be spent operating which allowed for less blood loss
40
Meds: how does the use of anaesthetics make operating more safe
anaesthetics meant that more time could be spent operating which allowed for less blood loss
41
Meds: what are anaestetics
Prevent pain
42
Meds: why did conditions in the industrial period encourage the spread of disease
Because of cramped unhygienic conditions caused by people moving to cities and factories
43
Meds: when was germ theory finally adopted
The early 1900s
44
Meds: who was john snow and **what** did he do
John snow was a man in the industrial period who found the source of cholera, he did this in this way:
- he made a map of cases of cholera in 1854
- he saw that many of the cases of cholera were around a water pump
- he removed the handle from this water pump forcing people to use a different one and found that the spread of cholera stopped in that area
- he found that cholera was waterborne and that it was caused in that area by a leaking street toilet
45
Medicine: how was dna discovered
In 1951 Rosalind Franklin took an image of DNA, she showed it to James Watson and he worked with Francis crick to interpret the image, their work was published in 1953 with the man taking most of the credit
46
Medicine: in the modern period what factors did people realise affect thier health
Lifestyle factors
47
Medicine: what is a magic bullet
It is a chemical that can kill specific pathogen
48
Medicine: when was the first magic bullet invented and what was it called
Salvarsan 606 in 1909
49
Medicine: how was Salvarsan 606 invented
They tested some of the compounds they had already tried and found that the 606th compound worked, Salvarsan 606
50
Cold: when did workers get the national health insurance
1911
51
Med: what new thing did the workers gain access to when they got national health insurance
Health care
52
Meds: when were x-rays discovered
1895
53
Meds: when were CT scanners developed and what do they do
1972, they take images of inside the body
54
Meds: **when** and **how** was penicillin discovered
1928, Fleming left out some streptococcus bacteria and when he checked on it he found that there was some mould growing on it that killed the bacteria, this was called penicillin
55
Meds: who was given funding by who to find out how do develop penicilin
Florey and chain were given funding by the Americans to find out how to develop penicilin add card on how they did it if nessisary
57
Med: the consumption of drugs increased in the industrial period, what were they
- cocaine
- opiates
- aspirin - this phased out the opiates
- Joseph lister - used carbolic acid to treat and to clean wounds
58
Med: when was germ theory made
1861
59
Med: when was the printing press invented
1440
60
Med: during the industrial period what was surgery like
- it was rare
- it was becoming more common as antiseptics did
- pain lessened and an issue after the discovery of chloroform took effect
61
Med: who discovered chloroform and give some facts
- James Simpson (discovered its anastetic properties)
- 1847
- it was not used much as anaesthetics could cause death
62
Med: what and when was the first magic bullet
- Salvarsan 606
- 1909
- it was the 606th compound tested, an assistant found that it worked
63
Med: when was the NHS made
1948
64
Med: when was the x-rays machine made
1896
65
Med: when was the cat scanner invented
1972
66
Med: when was Francis and cricks work on dna published
1953
67
Med: what is a magic bullet
It is a chemical the kills specific germs
68
Med: what and when was the second magic bullet
- in the 30-40s
- prontosil
- cured meningitis, pneumonia and scarlet fever
69
Med: who first diagnosed scarlet fever how
- Thomas Sydenham
- recording patient history
70
Med: how many of galens mistakes did Vesalius correct
200
71
Med: when we’re blood groups discovered
1901
72
Med: talk abt great plauge
After the black death in 1348, every 10-20 years England had a plague. The majority of these had a minor impact until 1665 when a serious outbreak happened. It began in london. London had perfect conditions for the spread of the plague. From June to November of 1665 100,000 people died in london.
73
Med: what was surgery used for in the medieval period
Only for minor injuries and was performed by a barber surgeon
74
Med: who was rojer bacon
He was a man in the medieval period, he was accused of heresy for suggesting that the church should look to new medical ideas beyond Galen. He's a good example of the churches view on medicine in the medieval period
75
bio: in the renaissance why did the power of the catholic church decrease
Because of the spread of protestantisim
76
Bio: what happened to knowledge during the medieval period
Its spread was hampered by the church
77
Bio: what happened to knowledge in the renessance
It spread due to the advent of the printing press
78
Med: what does aspirin do
It is a painkiller
79
Med: what are the believed causes of diseases in the INDUSTRIAL period
- miasma
- spontaneous generation, the idea that bacteria/pathogens randomly appear and cause disease
- germ theory, Louis pasteur discovered germs float in the air
80
Med: when did william Harvey publish his ideas
He published his book in 1628
81
Med: when did Jenner make his first vaccination
1796
82
Med: why could Jenner not make new vaccinations
Because he did not understand how his worked
83
Med: what did pasteur discover
That germs in the air cause disease in **1861** and explained the science behind vaccinations in 1880
84
Med: when and by who was the science behind vaccinations explaned
Louis pasteur - 1880
85
Med: what did Koch discover
- He discovered that specific bacteria cause specific diseases, he found the bacteria that caused anthrax in 1876
- he also developed sterilisation which led to aseptic surgery by 1900
86
Med: when did nightingale set up the school for nursing
1860
87
Med: what did Florence nightingale not believe in
She did not believe in germ theory, she believed in miasma
88
Med: what is chloroform and who discovered it
It is an effective anaesthetic it is a drug that puts people to sleep. Simpson discovered it in 1847
89
Med: why did chloroform cause more deaths in surgery in the black period of surgery
Because surgeons tried more difficult surgeries and so taking infections deeper into the body
90
Med: what did Joseph lister discover
That carbolic acid could be used to prevent infections in wounds in **1867**
91
Med: when was the black period of surgery
1850 - 70 add cards on its importance or if it's not remove this card
92
Med: what problems relating to surgery were solved in the industrial period and what were still prevalent
- The problems of pain and infection were solved check
- there was still not a way to replace lost blood at the time
93
Med: in the industrial period what were the government doing
They were starting to take more actions to improve public health
94
Med: what were the believed CAUSES of disease in the MODERN period
- germs
- viruses
- DNA
95
Med: what were the treatments of disease in the modern period
- chemical drugs such as magic bullets
- antibiotics such as penicillin
- radiotherapy and chemotherapy
- gene therapy (a treatment that changes a persons genes)
96
Med: when were blood groups discovered and by who
They were discovered in 1901 by **landsteiner**
97
Med: what did the discovery of blood groups allow to happen
Blood transfusions to take place
98
Med: who was responsible for the setup of the NHS and when was the NHS set up
- **Bevan**
- 1948
99
Med: what did the NHS cause
Life expectancy (in the UK) to increase
100
Med: who took the first picture of DNA and who created the model of DNA
- Franklin made the first model of DNA
- Watson and Crick made the model of DNA
101
Med: what did the advancements in medicine in the modern period cause
People lived longer because the medical care was much better
102
Med: what are the 4 battles you must remember for the western front and what are their dates
- somme (1916)
- third battle of Ypres (1917)
- Arras (1917)
- Cambrai (1917)
103
Med: detail the battle of the Somme
- extremely high casualties on both sides
- 20000 British deaths on day one
104
Med: detail the third battle of Ypres
- lots of rain for weeks before led to mud
- it was hard to move through
105
Med: detail the battle of Arras
- tunnels were used including underground hospitals
- they were well prepared with water and electricity
- before the battle the tunnels were widened
106
Med: detail the battle of Cambrai
- 1917
- 1st major use of tanks
- blood depot setup to store blood
107
Med: what are the 4 types of injury present on the western front that you must know
- trench foot
- head injuries (shrapnel)
- trench fever
- gas
108
Med: give a description of the injury caused by gas on the western front
It was not a major killer but could cause temporary blindness
109
Med: give a description trench fever on the western front
- it was caused by lice
- it had flu like symptoms
110
Med: describe trench foot on the western front
- waterlogging could lead to gangrene (infection) in the feet
111
Med: what mostly caused head injuries on the western front
shrapnel
112
Med: what was the evacuation route on the western front
- stretched bearer
- regimental aid post
- field ambulance
- dressing station
- casualty clearing station
- bace hospital
113
Med: on the evacuation route in the western front what was the stretcher bearer
It was a person who collected soldiers for treatment
114
Med: on the evacuation route in the western front what was the regimental aid post
It was close to the front line and offered first aid
115
Med: on the evacuation route in the western front what was the field ambulance
It was a mobile medical unit for less serious cases
116
Med: on the evacuation route in the western front what was the casualty clearing station
It was miles behind the front line, it performed operations for life threatening injuries
117
Med: on the evacuation route in the western front what was the base hosptial
It was larger and offered surgery/specialised treatment
118
Med: who discovered that blood could be stored and how and when
- 1915
- adding sodium citrate to blood allowed for it to be stored
- lewisohn
119
Med: when did they find out how to extend the storage of blood and how and who
- 1916
- rous & turner
- they added citrate glucose to ted the storage of blood
120
Med: why could John snow not prove his theory about cholera
Because he did not know about germs
121
Med: What was inoculation
It was a historical method of inducing immunity by introducing a weakened or dead form of the pathogen into the body
122
Med: what is an example of an effective herbal remedy
Honey for a sore throat
123
Med: why did they believe miasma caused disease
Bad air from rotting matters caused disease
124
Med: at the end of the industrial what problem of surgery remained
Blood loss
125
Med: an example of a treatment that came from the understanding of DnA
Gene therapy
126
Med: what caused trench fever
Lice
127
Med: why was the battle of Cambrai important for medicine
It was the first battle with a blood bank set up before hand
128
Med: peoples reaction to the great plague
Many people suspected that it spread through contact. This shows a better understanding of disease. People moved to less populated areas. Even king Charles left london, Watchmen were hired to guard infected houses and searches to locate the dead, they also quarantined infected people
129
Med: how similar or different was the reaction to the great plague Vs the black death
The reactions were very similar, many blamed god, the stars or miasma, people prayed or undertook blizzard methods of treatment, such as strapping a live chicken to a bubo
130
Med: swan neck flask test
131
Med: what is an anaesthetic
An anaesthetic is a drug or agent that causes a loss of feeling or awareness, typically to prevent pain during medical procedures
132
Make more on Royal Society pos what they actually did
133
Meds: what is aspirin
Anti inflammatory painkiller
134
Med: what are 2 features of the underground hospitals at arras
- they were well equipped, with water and space for 700 patients, water and electricity
- the existing caves and tunnels were extended in preparation for the 1917 battle, and its casualties
135
Med: what were the preventions of disease in the medieval
- purifying the air (managing miasma)
- avoiding sin
Check with teacher
136
Med: what were the preventions of disease in the reneissance
- purifying the air
- praying
137
Med: what were the preventions of disease in the industrial
- vaccinations
- government intervention
138
Med: what were the preventions of disease in the modern
139
Med: how was the prevention of disease in the medieval different to the reneisance
There was an increased focus on rational solutions in the renaissance period such as eating more healthily and considering a persons constitution
They were similar by the fact that the church was still powerful and so people still believed in supernatural remidies
140
Med: why was it hard to stop the spread of disease in the industrial period, one example
Because of the crampt and unhygienic conditions, such as multiple households using one communal toilet that overflowed
141
Med: What did Salvarsan 606 cure
Syphillis
142
Quack doctors
143
Med: what was the response of the government to the black death
144
Med: how many people died in London in the great plague
100,000
145
Med: when was the theory of opposites developed
The second century
146
Med: what belief about urine did physicians hold in the medieval period
They believed that examining a patient's urine indicated which humor was unbalanced
147
Med: what qualities of patients urine would physicians examine
- colour
- consistency
- smell
148
Med: what is the importance of Hippocrates to medicine
- he was one of the first to state the importance of observing a patient's symptoms before diagnosis
- doctors today still take the Hippocratic oath, saying that they will not harm patients in their care
- he is called the father of modern medicine
149
Med: why were the ideas of Hippocrates and Galen so popular
- because they did not require human dissections which allowed the church to support them
- the lack of scientific knowledge
- Hippocrates encorages physiciant to observe patients symptoms and the four humors matched what the physicians saw in their patients
150
Med: what is astrology
It is the study of the positions of the stars and planets
151
Med: what did the church and what did the physicians think about astrology
- the church did not like it, but it did link to the four humors
- physicians would consult star charts and look at when a patient was born to diagnose their symptoms
152
Med: what is an example of a disease in the medieval period that people thought was a punishment from god
lepracy
153
Med: medieval methods of bloodletting
- cutting a vein
- leeches
- cupping - cutting a patients skin and placing a heated cup over it, the vacuum draws out the blood
154
Med: methods of purging in he medieval period
- emetic - herbs that forced a patient to vomit
- laxative - made a patient dedicate
155
Med: methods medieval catholics used to treat disease (6)
- prayers and spells
- placing an offering at a shrine
- touching holy relics
- lighting a candle of the length of the body part that you wanted to heal
- fasting
- pilgramage
156
Med: what were hospitals like in the medieval period
- they were under the supervision of monks and nuns
- there were 1100 by 1500
- they were good at caring not curing - they gave rest good hygene and hot meals
157
Med: what were the disadvantages of medieval hospitals
- patients often had to share beds
- they turned away people like pregnant women and those with mental illness, infectious or terminal diseased
158
Med: what were the symptoms of the black death
- boiles and buboes
- chest pains and coughing
- sneezing and coughing up blood
- fever
159
Med: how did they try to treat the black death
- bloodletting and purging
- strong smelling herbs to clear the bad air
- buboes were lanced (to cut a boil with a sharp object) by some physicians - it was much more effective than other methods because it removed the infection and encouraged healing
160
Med: what was the response of the government to the black death
- quarantine laws to stop movements
- they stopped cleaning the streets, they believed that the bad smell would drive away the miasma causing the plague
- the rich and clergy continued as normal
161
Med: what old idea about the causes of disease remained in the renaissance from the medieval period
miasma
162
Med: what 3 ideas about the cause of disease reduced in popularity in the renaissance after the medieval
- the four humors
- astrology
- the church, check
163
Med: when and what did the royal society release that was the first of its time
- 1665
- they released the first scientific journal called philosophical transactions to share their ideas
164
Med: what are examples of things discovered by the more scientific approach to medicine in the **renaissance**
- animalcules - tiny animals observed under a microscope
- small seeds spread in the air were observed using microscopes
165
Med: what was the thomas splint and what were its features
- invented in the late 19th century by Hugh Owen Thomas
- it pulled bones lengthways to stop them rubbing on each other
- it prevented huge amounts of blood loss, cutting the death rate from 80% of soldiers with a broken bone dying to 20%
166
Med: when did the British army have mobile x-ray machines on the western front
1915
167
Med: when and in what part of the evacuation route were x-ray units being used
- 1916
- base hospital
- casualty clearing station
168
Med: why were the advancements in the storage of blood needed
Because when blood was stored for an extended period it easily clotted, this blood could not be given to patients
169
Med: what led to the advancements in the storage of blood
- sodium citrate, this prevented clotting
- scientists discovered that blood could be **refrigerated**, and also that citrate glucose could be added to blood to lengthen the refrigeration
- Geoffrey keynes developed a portable machine for storing blood, this enabled blood to be taken to the front line to treat injured sodiers
170
Med: what was done to allow blood to be transported to the front line and who did it
- Geoffrey Keynes
- he developed a portable blood storing machine, it enabled blood to be taken to the front line to treat injured soldiers
171
Med: what was the layout of the trench system in the western front
- they were dug in a zigzag pattern to prevent enemy soldiers from being able to see or fire directly down a trench
172
Med: explain each part of the trench system
- front line trench - there trenches were closest to the enemy lines, soldiers would fire across no mans land from the front line trenches
- communication trenches - trenches connected the other lines of trenches, they were used to move between other trenches
- support trenches - dug behind the front line trench, the would be retreated to by soldiers during an attack
- reserve trench - they were dug behind support trenches, they would be used to prepare for a counter attack
- no mans land - are between allied and German trenches
- dugout - dug into the sides of trenches, where soldiers went for protection and rest
173
Med: what were herbal remedies like in the medieval
174
Med: what were herbal remedies like in the reneissance
175
Med: what were dressing stations on the western front
176
Med: what was done against lung cancer in the 21st century
177
Med: what were the modes of transport on the western front
178
med: how were mobile x-ray units used on the western front
179
Med: what were the problems with the western front transport and communicaion infraastructure in relation to medicine
180
Med: what were the effects of gas attacks
181
Med: what were the effects of head injuries, shrapnel and rifle wounds
182
Med: what were the new approaches to prevention in the modern period
- mass vaccinations
- lifestyle campaigns such as the one against lung cancer
