🍃Biology Paper 1 Flashcards
Bio: what is rose black spot
It is a fungi that spreads through rain, wind and contact. Its signified by purple or black spots on leaves. To treat it burn the affected leaves
Bio: what is tobacco mosaic …
It is a virus that spreads by contact and causes a mosaic pattern on leaves, no treatment
Bio: what are the 2 types of antibiotic
Bactericidal and bacteriostatic
Bio: what do bactericidal antibiotics do
Kill the bacteria by removing the cell wall
Bio: what are bacteriostatic antibiotics
They stop bacteria from reproducing by stopping protein synthesis and metabolic activity
Bio: why do antibiotics not kill viruses
Because they don’t have a cell wall
Bio: what are 2 types of resistant bacteria
Mdr-tb, MRSA
Bio: what do plasmids in bacteria do in reference to antibiotics
They encode for resistance
Bio: what are the 2 ways that painkillers can work
Blocking the pain signals, anti-inflamitory
Bio: what are enzymes
Biological catalysts
Bio: what is pepsin
An enzyme that breaks down protein works at PH 2 and is produced in the stomach
Bio: how do you test for sugar/glucose
You use Benedict’s solution and put the test tube and a hot/warm water bath, red is positive, yellow is weakly positive and blue is negative
Bio: how do you test for proteins
Biuret, purple is positive and pale blue is negative
Bio: how do you test for lipids
Ethanol, goes cloudy when positive
Bio: what does sugar break down into
Glucose
Bio: what does protein break down into
Amino acids
Bio: what do lipids break down into
Fatty acids and glycerol
Bio: what does starch break down into
Glucose
Bio: how do you test for carbohydrates
Iodine, brown/blue is pos and yellow/brown is neg
Bio: what are antitoxins
They are a protein released by white blood cells to neutralise toxins that might be released by pathogens
Bio: what is herd immunity
This is where enough of a community is immune to protect the non immune
Bio: what are lymphocytes
White blood cells involved in the specific immune responce
Bio: what are phagocytes
They are in the non specific response and engulf pathogens
Bio: what are monoclonal antibodies
They are identical copies of one antibody
Bio: what are monoclonal antibodies used for
Tests, diagnosis, treatment
Bio: what is metabolisim
The sum of all of the chemical reactions in an organisim
Bio: what removes lactic acid
Liver
Bio: what are 4 things that affect the rate of photosynthesis
Light, temp, co2, chlorophyll concentration
Bio: what is an extremophyle
It is an organism that can survive in extreme conditions
Bio: what is an ecosystem
It is the living and non living things in an environment
Bio: what is a population
The group of a certain species in an certain environment/ area
Bio: what is a community
A group of populations
Bio: what is osmosis
The net random movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permiable membraine.
Bio: what is an autoimmune condition
It is where the body attacks itself
Bio: what affect does oestrogen have on LH
It increases LH - lutenizing hormone
Bio: what does oestrogen do
Builds up the uterus lining
Bio: what is FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
Bio: what does FSH stimulate the production of
Oestrogen
Bio: what affect does oestrogen have on FSH
Decreases it
Bio: when does progesterone get released
Progesterone is released when an egg is fertalised
Bio: what affect does progesterone have on FSH
Decreases
Bio: what does insulin do and how
It decreases blood sugar by converting glucose into glycogen and pushed glucose into cells.
Bio: what are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle
- Menstration - loosing the lining of the uterus
- Follicular phase - uterine lining builds up, ovum matures
- Egg released (~day 14)
- Luteal phase uterine lining stays the same
Bio: where are Eukaryotic cells found
Plants, animals, fungi and protists
Bio: where are prokaryotic cells found
In bacteria
Bio: what is the size on Eukaryotic cells
5-100 micrometres
Bio: what are the size of Prokaryotic cells
0.2-2 micrometres
Bio: what can type 1 diabetics not produce
They cannot produce enough insulin
Bio: what do type 2 diabetics not do
Cells no longer respond to the insulin released and so too much sugar is in the blood
Bio: what does insulin do
It forces glucose into the cells and then cause glucose to form deposits in the liver which is then changed into glycogen
Bio: what does insulin do to the blood sugar and where is it produced
It decreases blood sugar and is produced in the pancreas
Bio: what do Prokaryotic cells NOT have
They do not contain a nucleus, mitochondria or chloroplasts
Bio: do prokaryotic cells contain plasmids and what do plasmids do
Some do, they allow genetic information to be shared, they can replicate to do this
Bio: do prokaryotes have a nucleus
No, instead most of their genetic information is stored in a single loop in the cytoplasnm
Bio: what does glucagon do and where is it released
It is released from the pancreas and it stimulates stored glycogen in the pancreas to be converted into glucose and to be released into the bloodstream.
Bio: what is a follicle in the menstrual cycle
It is the developing egg
bio: What are the 2 types of painkillers
Anti-inflammatory, blocking nerve signals
bio: What is the equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
bio: what are the 2 things plants use to store glucose and what do they do with them
cellulose - provides the plants with strength
starch - they store it to use for energy
bio: what is the xylem made of and what is it used for
it is made of dead cells and it is used for transport of minerals and water from the roots, strengthened by lignin, passive transport
bio: what is the phloem made of and what is it used for
it is made of living cells ( and cellulose ) and transports sugars made by photosynthesis both directions and also amino acids, active transport by using companion cells with lots of mitochondria to release energy
Bio: in the digestive system what does the small intestine do
Digests food and absorbs soluble food molecules
Bio: in the digestive system what does the liver do
It produces bile
Bio: in the digestive system what does the large intestine do
It absorbs water from the remaining undigested food and creates faeces
Bio: in the digestive system what does the stomach do
It digests food (mostly protein), breaks it down and kills foreign bacteria
Bio: in the digestive system what do the glands do
They produce digestive enzymes
Bio: what do the nephrons do and what hormone are they controlled by
They filter small molecules:
- minerals
- urea
- water
- glucose
They are controlled by ADH (more ADH more water reabsorbed)
Bio: does mitosis or meiosis create identical cells
Mitosis creates identical cells
Bio: how any daughter cells are created after mieosis
4
Bio: what is the abbreviation for the molecules that make up dna
A T C G
Bio: what is the backbone of DNA
DNA has a sugar - phosphate backbone
Bio: what makes up one amino acid
3 bace pairs (e.g. A and T)
Bio: what are genes made of
They are a sequence of bases (which make up amino acids) which encodes for a protein
Bio: what is a chromosome
It is a strand of DNA wrapped around proteins
Bio: what is a genome
All of the genetic information in an organisim.
Bio: are dominant genes upper or lower case
Upper case
Bio: if gene B encodes for brown eye and b for blue eyes what colour eyes will a person with Bb have? What about bb?
Bb = brown eyes
bb = blue eyes
Bio: what are alleles
They are different versions of the same gene
Bio: what are antibodies
They are not cells, they attach to antigens and are specific to certain antigens
Bio: what is an antigen
It is a chemical (usually a protein) on the surface of a cell the is specific to it.
Bio: what is a tissue
A group of SIMILAR cells
Bio: if a person has a dominant medical condition must one of the parents show symptoms
Yes
bio: what is the equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose -> lactic acid
bio: why is anaerobic respiration less efficient
becasue it does not break the glucose down completly
bio: what is fermentation, where does it occur and what is the organisim that it occurs in
fermentation occurs in yeast which is a uni cellular fungi, fermention is anaerobic respiration transferring glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxids that happens optimaly at 30 degrees
bio: what are the effects of exersise on the body
its affects are:
- increased heart rate
- increased breathing rate
- increased breath volume
- blood vessels dilating
bio: what is oxygen debt
this refers to the extra oxygen needed after exersice to oxidise the lactic acid and remove it from the cells
bio: how is oxygen debt repayed
- the blood transports lactic acid to the liver
- it is reacted with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
- heavy breathing helps to get this oxygen to the lungs
bio: how do viruses survive and replicate
they invade cells, insert their own DNA which allows them to be copied
bio: what happens once the virus has been synthesised in the cell
the cell burst releasing the virus into the nearby cells
Bio: what is the average size of a bacteria
0.5 to 5 μm
Bio: what is the average size of human cells
10 - 30 μm
Bio: what is the average size of a virus
20-400 nm
Bio: what is a virus
It is genetic information in a protein coat
Bio: what is a protist
They are eukaryotic organisims that are not animals, plants and fungi
Bio: define a bacteria
Bacteria – A group of microorganisms which have a cell wall without cellulose and with no nucleus
Bio: what are the 3 properties of active transport
Conc low to high
Energy required
Carrier protiens
Bio: what is a place that active transport occurs
Across cell membraine
bio: what are the 2 ways of treating infertility
fertility drugs
invitro fertalisation
bio: how can glucose be made into amino acids
by combinting it with nitrate ions
bio: what makes a protist eukariotic
the fact that it has a nucleus
bio: what are the 3 ways of spreading infectious disease
direct contact
air
water
Bio: how do you test for lipids
You use ethanol
Bio: what part of the blood transports glucose
The blood plasma
Bio: what does heterozygous mean
One dominant and one recessive gene, Bb or bB
Bio: what does homozygous mean
Either one dominant and one dominant allele or one recessive and one recessive
BB or bb
Bio: describe the double bace pair structure of dna
2 molecules of A, T, G or C form a bace and 2 of these bases come together to form a ‘rung’ in the DNA ladder
Bio: what is a base in DNA
It is a pair of molecules A, T, G, C
Bio: how many bases are required to encode for one amino acid in DNA
3, this is known as the triplet code
Bio: what is the immune system made up of
White blood cells
Bio: what produces antibodies
White blood cells
Bio: describe how antibodies work to destroy pathogens
Antigens are proteins found on the surface of cells, antibodies form a complimentary shape to these antibodies, white blood cells produce these antibodies that then join pathogen cells form a microorganism cluster that can then be ingested by the phagocytes.
Bio: what are antigens
They are chemicals often proteins on the surface of cells that are specific to them
Bio: explain how vaccines work
A dead pathogen is injected, the immune system recognises that the antigen is foreign, white blood cells crate antibodies for the injected pathogen, some of these white blood cells become memory cells and are able to produce the antibodies for the pathogen
Bio: name 2 ion deficiencies and say how they can affect plants
- Magnesium deficiency, magnesium is required for the production of chlorophyll, the plant cannot photosynthesise as well, also the leaves go yellow
- Nitrate deficiency, they are needed for the production of proteins, without proteins plants cannot grow
Bio: describe a nitrate deficiency in plants
Nitrates are used for protein synthesis, without proteins plants cannot grow
Bio: describe a magnesium deficiency in plants
Magnesium deficiency means that the plant cannot produce as much chlorophyll and so cannot photosynthesize as much, it also turns the leaves yellow.
Bio: how do bacteriostatic antibiotics work
They inhibit protein synthesis and stop the bacteria from reproducing.
Bio: hat are the 3 types of plant defences and what are some examples
- physical defenses - waxy cuticle, bark, cell walls
- chemical defenses - antibacterial chemicals are produced, poisons can also be produced
- mechanical defenses - thorns, spikes, mimicry
bio: what is an epithelial tissue
they line the outer surface of organs and blood vessels
bio: what are muscular tissues
they contract and relax to exert a force
bio: what is a mesophyll
it is a layer capable of photosynthesis
bio: what are epidermal tissues in animals
skin
bio: what are epidermal tissues in plants
waxy covering of some plants
bio: what is glandular tissue
it is tissue that produces digestive ‘juices’
bio: define an organ
they are groups of tissues that work together to perform a function
bio: what is an organ system
they are groups of organs that work together to perform specific roles
bio: what is the active site of an enzyme
they catalyze the reaction, only when the specific reacting chemical is bound to it
bio: what are the 3 main digestive enzymes
- amylase
- protease
- lipase
bio: what can amylase help to digest
digests complex sugars
bio: what can protease help to digest
digests proteins
bio: what can lipase help to digest
fats
bio: what is bile used for and where is it stored
- it is stored in the gall bladder
- it creates neutralizes acid thus creates conditions that enzymes in the small intestines operate best in
bio: what is emulsification and what role in it does bile play
emulsification is bile breaking up fats into small droplets, these droplets have a higher surface area and so it is easier for lipase to catalyze the reaction
bio: what are arteries
- they transport blood form the heart to the organs
- they have thick muscle walls
- the artery walls have elastic fibers, allowing them to strech
bio: what are capillaries
- arteries branch into capillaries, which are much smaller, one cell thick
- food and oxygen move out of the capillaries and into the cells
- waste products such as carbon dioxide move out of the cells and into the capillaries
bio: what are veins
- they have thin cell walls and valves to make sure blood flows in the right direction
- transport blood from the organs to the heart
Bio: what happens in interphase
DNA copies itself ready for mitosis
Bio: what happens in prophase
Nucleus membrane disappears
DNA copies and condences
Bio: what happens in metaphase
Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cells
Bio: what happens in anaphase
Chromosomes and copies go to the edge of cells
Bio: what happens in telophase
New membranes for around the chromosomes and copies in the corners of the cells
Bio: what happens in cytokenisis
Cell pinches and new membrane forms
bio: what are the steps for the osmosis practical
- Set up 6 boiling tubes, each containing the same volume of one of the sucrose solutions. The 0.0 mol/dm-3 sucrose solution is distilled water. Label the boiling tubes.
- Prepare 6 potato cylinders using a borer and cut the cylinders to the same length. Gently dry each potato cylinder using a paper towel to remove excess liquid and record its mass before placing it into one of the boiling tubes.
- Leave the potato cylinders in the boiling tubes for 40 minutes.
- Remove each potato cylinder from its boiling tube, gently remove excess liquid from the surface of the cylinder with a paper towel and record its mass.
- If possible, repeat the experiment to obtain multiple values of mass change for each solution. Making a series of repeat measurements will enable you to identify and ignore any
anomalous results and to calculate a mean.
bio: in adults what are stem cells used for
to replace dying cells
bio: in embryos what are stem cells used for
they can change into most cell types
bio: what are some uses of stem cells
- stem cell treatments
- plant clones
- theraputic cloning
bio: what is theraputic cloning
create an embryo with the same DNA as the patient and use some of the stem cells for treatment
bio: what are some disadvantages of using stem cells for medical treatments
- viral infections
- ethical beliefs
bio: how is active transport used in the gut
it is used to absorb sugar from the gut into the blood, even when the concentration of sugars in the blood is higher
bio: how is active transport used for minerals in plants
it allows the root hair cells to absorb minerals necisary for cell growth
Bio: What is a valid result of a experiment
Something valid is repeatable and reproducible
- Repeatable = you can redo the tests again and again with the same results
- Reproducible = someone else can redo the tests and get the same results
bio: What makes a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell
- They have a single circular strand of DNA rather than a nucleus
- They have no mitochondria and chloroplasts
bio: what does a ribosome do?
Where proteins are made based on DNA
bio: what are proteins made of?
Amino acids
bio: where does the drug Digitails originate from
Foxglove
bio: where does the drug Aspirin originate from
Willow
bio: what type of drug is Aspirin
used to reduce pain and inflamation
bio: what is transpiration
It is the process of water being lost as vapour through the stomata
bio: how is protein digested in the digestive system
The stomach releases pepsin which converts proteins into amino acids. In addition, the small intestine releases pepsin in its ‘pancreatic juice’ that also releases protiens
bio: how are lipids digested
First they are emulsified by bile, then they are broken down by lipase in the small intestine into fatty acids and glycerol
Bio: what does the vena cava do
It is a vein that delivers de-oxygenated blood from the body to the heart
bio: What does the pulmonary vein do
It delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
bio: what does the aorta do
Oxygenated blood is pumped by the heart to the body
bio: what does the pulmonary artery do
De-oxygenated blood is pumped by the heart to the lungs
Bio: what do the coronary arteries do
The supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
Bio: explain how the trachea branches into the alveoli
- trachea branch into the bronchi
- bronchi divide into the brunchioles
- bronchioles divide into the alvioli
- the alveoli are surrounded by many capillaries that allow gas exchange
Bio: what is blood
It is a tissue
Bio: what are the 3 types of blood cells
- white blood cells
- red blood cells
- platelets
Bio: what are platelets and what do they do
They are blood cells with no nucleus, they are responsible for blood clotting at the site of wounds
Bio: what are some features of red blood cells
- biconcave shape, large surface area
- haemoglobin, bind with oxygen in the lungs
- no nucleus
- small so they can pass through tiny capillaries
bio: which side of the heart deals with de-oxygenated blood
the right side
bio: which side of the heart deals with oxygenated blood
the left side
bio: in what type of organisms does fermentation occur
- plants
- yeast
bio: what is yeast
it is a single celled fungi
bio: when investigating the rate of enzyme reaction what 4 factors have to be kept constant
- temperature
- PH
- substrate concentration
- enzyme concentration
bio: what breaks down carbohydrates in the human body
Carbohydrase
bio: what is amylase a type of
Carbohydrase
bio: where and how does amylase operate
amylase breaks down starches in the small intestine
bio: what is translocation
it is the process of food produced by photosynthesis being transported from the leaves to the growing regions of the plant
Bio: when the cover slip is applied to a slide with a subject on it, why is it applied at an angle?
To prevent or to reduce air bubbles forming
Bio: what type of acid is in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid
Bio: an egg joins to a sperm in a process called:
Fertilisation
Bio: what do cells do
They provide structure and carry out functions
Bio: what 3 things do plant cells contain that animals dont and explain them
- cell wall - rigidity
- permanent vacuole - large sack that contains water and has a membraine
- chloroplasts
Bio: what sub cellular structures do bacteria contain and what do they do
- cell wall and membrane for rigidity
- flagella, whip like structures used for movement
- plasmids DNA rings
Bio: why do cells differentiate
They differentiate to acquire different sub cellular structures
Bio: when do plants differentiate
Their cells differentiate over different parts of development
Bio: when do animals deffierentiate
They often differentiate early in development, mostly cells divide to replace tissues.
Bio: what are the parts of sperm cells
- acrosome
- head
- middle section
- flagellum
Bio: what is the function of the head of the sperm cell
Contains the nucleus which contains half the genetic information of an organisim
Bio: what is the function of the acrosome of the sperm cell
The part at the tip of the head that contains the enzyme used to break into the egg
Bio: what is the function of the middle section of sperm cells
It contains many mitochondria used to generate energy for movement
Bio: what is the function of the flagellum of sperm cells
It is the ‘tail’ used for momvement
Bio: what is the function of the axon of a nerve cell
It is the part of the cell that electrical signals travel along
Bio: what is the function of the myelin sheath in a nerve cell
It is ‘insulation’ to stop electrical signals leaking
Bio: what is the function of the dendrites in nerve cells
Branches of nerve cells that connect them to other nerve cells
Bio: what is the function of the synapses in nerve cells
They allow electrical signals to travel between neurones
Bio: what is the function of the mitochondria in muscle cells
They contain many mitochondria to generate energy
Bio: what is the function of the protein fibres in muscle cells
They are the things that are contracted to induce movement
Bio: what are the parts of the neurone cells
- axon
- myelin sheath
- dendrites
Bio: what are the parts of muscle cells
- mitochondria
- protien fibres
Bio: what are the specialisations of the root hair cells
- no chloroplasts
- long projections - to increase surface area for absorption
Bio: what are the specialisations of the xylem
- open ended cells - dead xylem cells are broken so they have open ends to allow water to flow
- lignin strengthens it
Bio: what are the specialisations of the phloem
There are small holes to allow food to move up and down the phloem vessels
Bo: what type of white blood cell releases antibodies
Lymophocytes
Bio: if a boiled potato was used in thee osmosis practical and no net change was recorded why could this have been
Because the semi permeable membrane could have been damaged
Bio: what things affect the rate of transpiration
- temp
- humidity
- air movement
- light intensity, rate of photosynthesis
Bio: what 2 materials can bacteria be grown on
- agar plates
- nutrient broth
Bio: what is a nutrient broth
They contain carbs as an energy source, they also contain minerals and other chemicals
Bio: how is a bacteria growth RP contaminated
If non investigated bacteria enter the experiment then it has been contaminated
Bio: how is a bacteria growth RP contaminated
If non investigated bacteria enter the experiment then it has been contaminated
Bio: what is aseptic technique
They prevent growth of bacteria
Bio: what are the 4 ways of performing aseptic technique
- flames - inoculation loops (used to transfer bacteria) are passed through flame sterilisation
- boiling - solutions of and agar are boiled to be sterilised
- lids - they stop the air from getting in, it can contain bacteria
- temp - bacteria are kept at a certain temp to reduce the growth of other bacteria
Bio: how can the future population of a group of bacteria be predicted
The current population can be multiplied by a factor of 2 for every mean division time
Bio: what is the order of events for mitosis
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytocenisis
Bio: are the layers of a leaf
Bio: what are the stomata closed and opened by
The guard cells
Bio: what do the guard cells do
They open and close the stomata
Bio: what are the 4 non-specific defences of the body
- skin
- stomach acid
- tears
- mucus - traps pathogens
Bio: what are anti-toxins
They are proteins released by the white blood cells that neutralise the toxins that may be released by pathogens
Bio: what are the properties of starch
- insoluble
- storage from of carbs
Bio: what is cellulose used for
- Used to build cell walls
- add strength to cell walls
Bio: what are lipids used for in plants
They are used as storage for glucose in seeds
Bio: what ions are used to make amino acids in plants
nitrates
Bio: what ph is the stomach
It is ph 2
Bio: what does analyse break down
Starch
Bio: what is the process for transpiration
- Root hair cells absorb the water from the soil by osmosis
- Mineral ions are taken up by active transport
- Water and minerals are transported up through the xylem to the leaves
- When the water reaches the leaves most of it evaporates, this is transpiration
