Biology Paper 1 Flashcards
Bio: what is rose black spot
It is a fungi that spreads through rain, wind and contact. Its signified by purple or black spots on leaves. To treat it burn the affected leaves
Bio: what is tobacco mosaic …
It is a virus that spreads by contact and causes a mosaic pattern on leaves, no treatment
Bio: what are the 2 types of antibiotic
Bactericidal and bacteriostatic
Bio: what do bactericidal antibiotics do
Kill the bacteria by removing the cell wall
Bio: what are bacteriostatic antibiotics
They stop bacteria from reproducing by stopping protein synthesis and metabolic activity
Bio: why do antibiotics not kill viruses
Because they don’t have a cell wall
Bio: what are 2 types of resistant bacteria
Mdr-tb, MRSA
Bio: what do plasmids in bacteria do in reference to antibiotics
They encode for resistance
Bio: what are the 2 ways that painkillers can work
Blocking the pain signals, anti-inflamitory
Bio: what are enzymes
They help to speed up chemical reactions
Bio: what is pepsin
An enzyme that breaks down protein works at PH 2 and is produced in the stomach
Bio: how do you test for reducing
You use Benedict’s solution and put the test tube and a hot/warm water bath, red is positive, yellow is weakly positive and blue is negative
Bio: how do you test for proteins
Biuret, purple is positive and pale blue is negative
Bio: how do you test for lipids
Ethanol, goes cloudy when positive
Bio: what does sugar break down into
Glucose
Bio: what does protein break down into
Amino acids
Bio: what do lipids break down into
Fatty acids and glycerol
Bio: what does starch break down into
Maltose then into smaller sugars like glucose, fructose etc…
Bio: how do you test for carbohydrates
Iodine, brown/blue is pos and tellow/brown is neg
Bio: what are antitoxins
They are a protein released by white blood cells to neutralise toxins that might be released by pathogens
Bio: what is herd immunity
This is where enough of a community is immune to protect the non immune
Bio: what are lymphocytes
White blood cells involved in the specific immune responce
Bio: what are phagocytes
They are in the non specific response and engulf pathogens
Bio: what are monoclonal antibodies
They are identical copies of one antibody
Bio: what are monoclonal antibodies used for
Tests, diagnosis, treatment
Bio: what is metabolisim
The sum of all of the chemical reactions in an organisim
Bio: what removes lactic acid
Liver
Bio: what are 4 things that affect the rate of photosynthesis
Light, temp, co2, chlorophyll concentration
Bio: what is an extremophyle
It is an organism that can survive in extreme conditions
Bio: what is an ecosystem
It is the living and non living things in an environment
Bio: what is a population
The group of a certain species in an certain environment/ area
Bio: what is a community
A group of populations
Bio: what is osmosis
The net random movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permiable membraine.
Bio: what is an autoimmune condition
It is where the body attacks itself
Bio: what affect does oestrogen have on LH
It increases LH - lutenizing hormone
Bio: what does oestrogen do
Builds up the uterus lining
Bio: what is FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
Bio: what does FSH stimulate the production of
Oestrogen
Bio: what affect does oestrogen have on FSH
Decreases it
Bio: when does progesterone get released
Progesterone is released when an egg is fertalised
Bio: what affect does progesterone have on FSH
Decreases
Bio: what does insulin do and how
It decreases blood sugar by converting glucose into glycogen and pushed glucose into cells.
Bio: what are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle
- Menstration - loosing the lining of the uterus
- Follicular phase - uterine lining builds up, ovum matures
- Egg released (~day 14)
- Luteal phase uterine lining stays the same
Bio: where are Eukaryotic cells found
Plants, animals, fungi and protists
Bio: where are prokaryotic cells found
In bacteria
Bio: what is the size on Eukaryotic cells
5-100 micrometres
Bio: what are the size of Prokaryotic cells
0.2-2 micrometres
Bio: what can type 1 diabetics not produce
They cannot produce enough insulin
Bio: what do type 2 diabetics not do
Cells no longer respond to the insulin released and so too much sugar is in the blood
Bio: what does insulin do
It forces glucose into the cells and then cause glucose to form deposits in the liver which is then changed into glycogen
Bio: what does insulin do to the blood sugar and where is it produced
It decreases blood sugar and is produced in the pancreas
Bio: what do Prokaryotic cells NOT have
They do not contain a nucleus, mitochondria or chloroplasts
Bio: do prokaryotic cells contain plasmids and what do plasmids do
Some do, they allow genetic information to be shared, they can replicate to do this
Bio: do prokaryotes have a nucleus
No, instead most of their genetic information is stored in a single loop in the cytoplasnm
Bio: what does glucagon do and where is it released
It is released from the pancreas and it stimulates stored glycogen in the pancreas to be converted into glucose and to be released into the bloodstream.
Bio: what is a follicle in the menstrual cycle
It is the developing egg
bio: What are the 2 types of painkillers
Anti-inflammatory, blocking nerve signals
bio: What is the equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
bio: what are the 2 things plants use to store glucose and what do they do with them
cellulose - provides the plants with strength
starch - they store it to use for energy
bio: what is the xylem made of and what is it used for
it is made of dead cells and it is used for transport of minerals and water from the roots, strengthened by lignin, passive transport
bio: what is the phloem made of and what is it used for
it is made of living cells ( and cellulose ) and transports sugars made by photosynthesis both directions and also amino acids, active transport by using companion cells with lots of mitochondria to release energy
Bio: in the digestive system what does the small intestine do
Digests food and absorbs soluble food molecules
Bio: in the digestive system what does the liver do
It produces bile
Bio: in the digestive system what does the large intestine do
It absorbs water from the remaining undigested food and creates faeces
Bio: in the digestive system what does the stomach do
It digests food (mostly protein), breaks it down and kills foreign bacteria
Bio: in the digestive system what do the glands do
They produce digestive enzymes
Bio: what do the nephrons do and what hormone are they controlled by
They filter small molecules:
- minerals
- urea
- water
- glucose
They are controlled by ADH (more ADH more water reabsorbed)
Bio: does mitosis or meiosis create identical cells
Mitosis creates identical cells
Bio: how any daughter cells are created after mieosis
4
Bio: what is the abbreviation for the molecules that make up dna
A T C G
Bio: what is the backbone of DNA
DNA has a sugar - phosphate backbone
Bio: what makes up one amino acid
3 bace pairs (e.g. A and T)
Bio: what are genes made of
They are a sequence of bases (which make up amino acids) which encodes for a protein
Bio: what is a chromosome
It is a strand of DNA wrapped around proteins
Bio: what is a genome
All of the genetic information in an organisim.
Bio: are dominant genes upper or lower case
Upper case
Bio: if gene B encodes for brown eye and b for blue eyes what colour eyes will a person with Bb have? What about bb?
Bb = brown eyes
bb = blue eyes
Bio: what are alleles
They are different versions of the same gene
Bio: what are antibodies
They are not cells, they attach to antigens and are specific to certain antigens
Bio: what is an antigen
It is a chemical (usually a protein) on the surface of a cell the is specific to it.
Bio: what is a tissue
A group of SIMILAR cells
Bio: if a person has a dominant medical condition must one of the parents show symptoms
Yes