🕒History - Germany Flashcards
Germ: what is a putsch
It is an armed rebellion
germ: what is the triple entente
it is the alliance in WW1 of England, France, Russia (who left in 1917) and eventually Italy
germ: what is the triple alliance
it is the alliance in WW1 of Germany, Austria Hungary and Italy (who left in 1915)
germ: what was the Ludendorff offensive
in march 1918 the German commander Ludendorff decided to launch one final offensive before the US troops landed and gave the allied and advantage. the offensive utilized storm troopers gas and shelling to great effect, breaking through the allied line and advancing in some places 64km
germ: what were the problems with the Ludendorff offensive
the Germans lost 400,000 men and could not supply troops is their newly acquired positions,
germ: what was the armistice and who (on the German side) agreed to it
the ceasefire between Germany and the allies that was agreed to by Friedrich Ebert
germ: what were the Freikorps
they were a “voluntary army” and ex-military patriots who hated the spartacists and the government for signing the treaty of Versalles
germ: what were the spartacists
they wanted to overthrow the government and place the country under communism
germ: what was the SDP party in Germany and who controlled them
the social democratic party (or weimar government) was controlled by Ebert
germ: what was the KPD
it was the German communist party
germ: what happened in the Kapp Putsch (1920)
- Ebert tried to disband the Freikorps due to the Treaty of Versailles
- The Freikorps rebelled with a politician Wolfgang Kapp as their leader
- They kicked the Weimar government out of Berlin
- The Government told civilians to help and workers in Berlin went on strike squashing the uprising
germ: what happened in the Munich putsch, 1923
- Hitler gained lots of control, 55000 people, mostly in Bavaria (the state of Munich). Hitler thought that the Weimar government was weak in 1923 due to the hyperinflation.
- Hitler was given support by Ludendorff (former commander in chief of the german army). At gunpoint hitler forced the leaders of the Bavarian government to accept his plan for a putsch.
- Hitler marched on Munich but were stopped by the police, 16 of them were captured and Hitler fled (though he was arrested later).
Germ: what happened during the Spartasist uprising
In 1919 a communist group known as the Spartasists attempted to overthrow the weimar government, they were crushed by the Friecorps
germ: When and why did hyperinflation happen
In jan 1923 hyperinflation happened, this was because of the invasion of the Ruhr (when France invaded an industrial area of Germany) this lead to the factory workers in the Ruhr striking and the german government printed money to pay them and when the money went into circulation the economy was flooded by billions of freshly printed marks
Germ: in the treaty of Versallies, how much of its land did germany loose
13% land, including industrial areas like alsace lorane
Germ: in the treaty of Versallies what number of soldiers was the german army limited to
100,000 men
Germ: in what years was it good and bad in germany for the Weimar government
1918-1923 bad, ended thanks to stresserman
1924-1929, the golden age of weimar ended due to Great Depression
1929… Also Hitler became chancellor in 1933
Germ: in 1928 how many seats did the nazis have and how many did they have in 1930 and 1932, what caused this increase
1928 - 12
1930 - 107
1932 - 230,
this was caused by the Great Depression
Germ: what was article 48
An article in the weimar constitution that allowed the president to rule by decree in state of emergency and bypass the Reichstag (german parlement)
Germ: what did hitler argue in mein Kampf
He argued in mein Kampf (written while hitler in 1925) that Germany needed to get physically bigger and needed to be filled with ‘pure germans’
Germ: who was in charge of nazi propaganda
Goebbels
Germ: who is more powerful the president or the chancellor
President is most powerful as he controls the country while chanselor controls the parliament
Germ: what is the formal name of the nazi party
NSDAP - national socialist german workers party
germ: what was the SA
It was the private army of the nazis, it intimidated people and fought against the KPD
Germ: what was the SS
They were thought of as a branch of the SA and were Hitlers private bodyguard and protected Nazi leaders, they were directed by Himmler
Germ: what and when was the Bamberg conference
It was a conference of the Nazi party in 1926 where Hitler solidified his leadership of the party by giving his opposition positions of power in the party (these positions were called Gauleiters of the Nazi party, head of a branch of the Nazi party)
Germ: what is a Gaue of the nazi party why do they exist and who leads them
They were branches of the nazi party and is headed by the Gauleiter. Branches of the Nazi party were set up to direct the propaganda and ideas of the nazi party to individual different areas that the branch was set up in.
Germ: what was the 25 point program and what were some of its points
It was the foundation of the nazi party snd some of its points are
- socialist ideas (farmers given land and public industries water and electricity owned by the state)
-fascist ideas (strong central government with control over the media)
-antisemitic ideas (jews not german citizens)
Germ: in the treaty of Versallies how much did Germany have to pay in reperations
6.6 billion pounds initially, will be later deacreased by the Young plan.
Germ: what is the dawes plan
Short term loans from American implemented in 1924 this helped to fix hyperinflation and pay reparations
Germ: what was the locarno pact
1925, A pact signed by Germany, France and Belgium cementing the borders
Germ: when did Germany join the league of nations
1926
Germ: what was the Kellogg Briand pact
An agreement between 64 countries, including Germany never to go to war, 1928
Germ: what was the young plan
A plan that reduced how much Germany had to pay in reparations from 6.6 billion to 1.32 billion, in 1929
Germ: how many seats in the reichstag did Nazis have in 1928 vs 1932
1928 - 12
1932 - 230
Germ: what are the 4 reasons Hitler became chancellor in 1933
- the failure of other politicians
- appeal of the Nazi party (Hitler, tech, propaganda)
- Great Depression
- Von Papen teamed up with Hitler
Germ: what date did Hitler become chancellor
30 January 1933
Germ: why are the communists the main opposition to the Nazis
Because they are the far left and the Nazis are far right
Germ: what does 3 things does Hitler do in February 1933 to limit the communists
- 4th feb 1933 Hitler persuades Hindenburg to pass a law that makes it illegal to hold a political meeting without informing the police 48 hours in advance
- 17 feb 1933, goering (hitlers main henchman) who gave the police orders to beat up communists
- 22 feb 1933 members of the SA are appointed as special police officers ,this have them authority to beat people up too
germ: what were the lean years
the years 1924-28 when the Nazi party almost did not have any support
Germ: what cause the invasion of the rhur
Germany did not pay an instalment of the reparations on time so France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr
Germ: how long and when was stresseman chancellor and what was he after that
For 100 days in 1923 and he was then foreign minister until his death in 1929
Germ: what are some weaknesses of the Weimar constitution
- Proportional representation meant that weak coalitions were the only way to gain power
- strong states such as Prussia still had power through the reichstag
- Article 48 allowed the president to rule by decree
Germ: what caused the passive resistance in the rhur
France and Belgium invaded the rhur, Ebert told the workers to strike (passive resistance)
Germ: what caused hyperinflation
After missing a reparation payment, France invaded the rhur so Ebert asked workers to strike as passive resistance but he kept paying the workers with freshly printed money.
Germ: What year did Hitler become leader of the Nazi party?
1921
Germ: when did Hitler become fuhrer
19th August 1934
Germ: what percentage of workers were unemployed in 1932
40%
Germ: what happens, in terms of chancellors, that makes Hitler chancellor
- Hitler has 37% of the votes and feels he should be chancellor, Hindenberg despises Hitler and uses article 48 to make Von Papen chancelor
- Von Papen offers Hitler to be vice-chancellor but he refuses
- Von Papen looses support and Von Schleicher becomes chancellor, Von Papen is furious and goes to Hitler, they spread rumours about Von Schleicher being a communist
- Von Schleicher looses support and Hindenburg is forced to appoint Hitler as chancellor
Germ: what was introduced by Stresseman that helped to fix hyperinflation
- He introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark
- He made an agreement with America named the Dawes plan
Germ: When were the SA introduced and how many of them were there in 1921
Introduced in 1920, the SA had 800 men in 1921
Germ: what was the amount of unemployment in 1929 and what was it in 1932
1929 - 1.3, 1932 - 5.1 million
Germ: how do you answer question 3a (8 marks)
2 paragraphs:
C - content, what the source says
OK - own knowledge
P - provenance, background
OK - own knowledge
Although, it is not necessary to use own knowledge twice
Germ: how do you answer question 3b (interpretation)
The main difference between interpretation 1 and 2 is that
1 argues ___ Whereas interpretation 2 argues __
Interpretation 1 states that __ use quotes
Interpretation 2 states that __ use quotes
Germ: how do you answer question 3c
- the reason the interpretations are different is because they have used different evidence
- interpretation 1 could could have looked at source __ which emphasises
- interpretation 2 could could have looked at source __ which emphasises
Germ: how do you answer question 3d
Write small intro, 3 paragraphs and a conclusion answering the question. use quotes
ALWAYS use both interpretations
- Point
- Evidence
- Explain
- Link back
Germ: What was the Enabling Act?
- 24th March 1933, gives Hitler and the Nazi party full powers for 4 years, effectively making him have greater powers than the president.
- Renewed in 1937 and 1941, signaled the end of democracy in Germany
Germ: How was the Enabling act passed?
- Absentees counted as present
- SA intimidated members as they entered the chamber
- Communist party not counted and not allowed to vote, lowering total no. of votes needed by Nazis.
- Promises to the Catholic Centre Party won their vote
Germ: Examples of Propaganda after 1933
- Newspapers
- Radio
- Festivals/Celebrations/Rallies
- Posters
- Culture
Germ: How did Nazis use and control Newspapers as propaganda after 1933? (Goebbels)
- Nazi’s took control of existing papers and removed opposition’s papers
- Nazi’s had their own papers, e.g Der Strümer (The Stormer) where the Nazis rant and make cartoons showing anti-semitic views, for example, a Jewish man crucifying Jesus
- Made all journalists join the Reich Association of the Press where Goebbels controlled what could and couldn’t be printed and shared
Germ: How did Nazi’s use and control Radio as propaganda after 1933?
- All National and local stations across Germany made part of Reich Radio Company and the Ministry of Propaganda controlled its output
- People receiver - cheap (weekly wage for average worker). 1933, 1.5 million produced. 1939, 70% of German people had one in their home.
- Foreign music such as American Jazz was discouraged as made by Jewish people. People Receiver had very limited range so could only use Nazi stations.
Germ: How did Nazis use rallies for Propaganda after 1933?
- Rallies were held to emphasise and strengthen the Nazi movement
- The annual week-long rally in Nuremberg in 1934 was the biggest example of this: 500 trains carried 250000 people to the event, over 30000 swastika flags were placed around the field, each with their own spotlight. Dubbed by Nazi’s the ‘Cathedral of light’
- Leni Riefenstahl filmed the event and Goebbels asked her to make the film the triumph of will which made Hitler descend from an airplane like a God
Germ: When was the Reichstag fire
27 February 1933
Germ: how many seats in the reichstag did Nazis have in November 1933?
661/661
Germ: how many SA members were there in 1934
4 Million
Germ: Who controlled the SA?
Ernst Röhm
Germ: When did Hindenburg die?
2nd August 1934
Germ: What is the name of the period 1933 - 1939
Nazi control and dictatorship
Germ: What was the Aryan race?
A person of European descent (not Jewish) often with blond hair and blue eyes. The Nazis viewed Aryans as the superior human race.
Germ: how did the Reichstag fire benefit the Nazis
A communist was found inside the Reichstag and confessed, this allowed the Nazis to blames the communists, swaying the public against them and allowing goering to make the Prussian police arrest 4000 communist leaders, also communists were not allowed to take part in elections
Germ: what decree was passed after the Reichstag fire
The decree for the protection of people and state was passed on the 28th of February 1933 allowing police the search houses, confiscate property and to lock people up without trial.
Germ: what happened in the night of the long knives
- by 1934 the SA was very powerful
- Hitler told rhom to tell the SA to go on leave
- major leaders of the SA are called to a hotel for a meeting
- these leaders were dragged from their rooms and exicuted
- also people such as Von Schleicher rhom, and others people that Hitler disliked were murdered
Germ: how did Hitler get away with all the murders in the night of the long knifes
On the 13th of July 1934 the Reichstag passed a law that stated the killings were lawful as emergency defence measures
Germ: What is gleichschaltung
It is making every aspect of life “Nazi-fied”
Germ: what part did Goebbles play in the Nazi government
He was the minister of public enlightenment and propoganda after it was created on march 13th 1933
Germ: what part did Himmler play in the Nazi government
He ran the SS, who in turn ran the concentration camps, spied on people and instilled fear in them
Germ: what was the gestapo
It was a small (20000 members by 1939) secret police that had the job of hunting down enemies of the state
Germ: what was the job of the block wardens
Germany was divided into blocks of about 50 houses, each with a block warden who’s would ensure there people int he bloc were following the Nazi ideas and doing things such as attending marches and putting out bunting and flags for special occasions.
Germ: what were the courts like during the Nazi control
The regular courts were kept and upheld the Nazi regime, condemning people to death for it. 2 other courts were also set up:
- the peoples courts to deal with political offences
- the special courts to deal with smalls offences such as ordinary people telling anti-Nazi jokes
Germ: what was the malicious gossip act
It was a law that made people able to be able to be convicted for speaking against the Nazis.
Germ: in 1933-35 what happened to prisoners of the concentration camps
They were released after a short time, the state of their minds and bodies was enough for to instil fear in the people
Germ: after 1937 what happened to prisoners of the concentration camps
After 1937 the concentration camps became long term forces labour camps.
Germ: what does this poster say and was it released before or after the Nazi rise to power
It says work freedom bread
It was released before the Nazi rise to power
Germ: what was the peoples receiver
It was a cheap radio mass produced by the Nazis in 1933 so that the people could all hear the führer, it was organised by Goebbles
Germ: what does this poster say and was it released before or after the Nazi rise to power
It says one people, one nation, one leader
It was during nazi control
Germ: during Nazi control was the press free
No the Nazis controlled the newspapers
Germ: what happened at the Nuremberg rally in 1934
250,000 people gathered and 30,000 swastica flags were set up
Germ: who controlled the cinema when the Nazis were in government
Nazis closely controlled the film industry through the film chamber
Germ: what happened during the Berlin olympics
In 1936 Germany held the olympics, many swasticas were put up in Berlin, the newspapers were toned down and so were the films to give foreign visitors a less harsh impression of the Nazi government
Germ: what does neoclassical mean and how does it relate to the Nazis
Neo-classical - a return to the classical
Hitler wanted to use neoclassical influences and styles in art and architecture
Germ: what agreement did the Nazis assign with the catholics and what did it do
The Nazis signed an agreement called the concordat, it said that the Nazis would leave the catholic free
Germ: what did the Nazis do after the concordat
They shut down Catholic Church schools and closed monostaries
Germ: what did catholic priests read out in 1937
An ecclesiastical letter criticising the nazis
Germ: what happened after the catholic priests read out the ecclesiastical letter criticising the Nazis
The priests were sent to the concentration camps.
Germ: what church did the Nazis set up
The Nazis set up the Reich church that joined the 28 Protestant churches
Germ: why was the confessional church set up
Because many Protestants did not like the Reichstag church and and so in protest set up the reich church
Germ: how many Protestant priests joined the confessional church, leaving how many in the reich church
Confessional - 6000, Reich - 2000
Germ: what happened to some of the leaders of the confessional church
They were imprisoned
Germ: what happened to smaller Christian sects under the Nazi regime, some examples
Some smaller Christian sects were banned, Christian scientists and seventh day adventists.
Germ: how did the Nazis use pagan cults
Nazis lead, the pagan cults and many of these sects were set up
How many marks did a loaf of bread cost at the peak of hyperinflation?
Bread went from 20 marks to 200,000 billion marks
Germ: what type of evidence do you include in a 16 marker
quotes and own knowlage
Germ: what paragraph structure do you use for 16 markers
Iki
- Interprition (quote)
- knowkage
- Interpritation
Germ: what was the subject eugenics, that was taught under the Nazis
Children are taught how selective breeding can be applied to humans to keep the aryan race pure and to make the pupils not marry Jews.
Germ: what is the entire education system focused on, for girls and boys
Teaching them Nazi ideas
Germ: when are boys and girls taught together and when are they taught apart
- Nazi , they were taught separately
- Weimar, they were taught together
Germ: what is the focus of the teaching of boys in Nazi Germany, some examples?
All of the subjects that are taught are to be focused on warfare:
- math - to be taught ballistics
- chem - chemical ware fare
- PE - military fitness
Germ: what did the Nazis glorify for boys
Military service.
Germ: what was the main focus of Nazi education for girls
Being a good wife and manager of a house:
- domestic science - being thrifty, conomics of the household
- pe - to keep the students fit so they can carry more children
Germ: what was the youth group for 10-14 year old boys called
Young German folk
Germ: what was the youth group for girls aged 10-14 called
Young girls
Germ: what was the youth group for boys aged 14-18 called
Hitler youth
Germ: what was the youth group for girls aged 14-18 called
League of German maidens
Germ: what does the Nazis forcing children to attend Hitler youth suggest about it.
That it did not get enough conscription on its own.
Germ: when were they youth encouraged and when was it compulsory to attend Hitler youth
- 1933 encouraged
- 1936 mandatory
Germ: what was the number of Hitler youth members in 1936 and what was it in 1939
- 1936 - 5.4 mil
- 1939 - 8 mil
Germ: for how long did the president hold power and who chose him
The people chose the president and he ruled for 7 years
Germ: how many Hitler youth members were there before it was made mandatory in 1936
Over 5 million
Germ: how many people had a people’s receiver
70%
Germ: how many children to get bronze, silver and gold honour crosses
Bronze - 4
Silver - 6
Gold - 8
